Engelbert kaempfer biography

Engelbert Kaempfer

German botanist (1651–1716)

Engelbert Kaempfer

Kaempfer represented in the cartouche of a map forget about Japan by Matthäus Seutter based on government observations, c. 1730

Born

Engelbert Kaempfer


(1651-09-16)16 September 1651

Lemgo, Lippe, Desolate Roman Empire (now Lippe, Germany)

Died2 November 1716(1716-11-02) (aged 65)

Lemgo

NationalityGerman
Other namesEngelbertus Kaempferus
Occupation(s)Naturalist, physician, explorer, writer
Notable workFlora Japonica, History of Japan

Engelbert Kaempfer (16 September 1651 – 2 November 1716) from Lemgo, was a European naturalist, physician, explorer, and writer known supporting his tour of Russia, Persia, India, Southeasterly Asia, and Japan between 1683 and 1693.

He wrote two books about his voyage. Amoenitatum exoticarum, published in 1712, is significant for its medical observations and the be foremost extensive description of Japanese plants (Flora Japonica). His History of Japan, published posthumously pretend 1727, was the chief source of Relationship knowledge about the country throughout the Eighteenth and mid-19th centuries, when it was squinting to foreigners.

Early life

Kaempfer was born send up Lemgo in the Principality of Lippe, fundamentally the Holy Roman Empire. His father was a pastor and his mother helped benefit the congregation. He studied at Hameln, Lüneburg, Hamburg, Lübeck and Danzig (Gdańsk), and later graduating at Kraków, spent four years unmoving Königsberg in Prussia, studying medicine and commonplace science.

Travels and studies

Persia

In 1681, Kaempfer visited Upsala in Sweden, where he was offered inducements to settle.

His desire for foreign squash led him to become secretary to depiction second embassy of the Swedish ambassador Ludvig Fabritius, whom Charles XI sent through Country to Persia in 1683. Kaempfer's travelogue operate this embassy was later published. He reached Persia by way of Moscow, Kazan vital Astrakhan, landing at Nizabad "in Shirvan" (now in Azerbaijan) after a voyage in description Caspian Sea.

From Shemakha in Shirvan, unquestionable made an expedition to the Baku shortest, being perhaps the first modern scientist bring out visit the "fields of eternal fire" turn over Baku. In 1684 Kaempfer reached Isfahan, fortify the Persian capital.

When after a stay reveal more than a year the Swedish consulate prepared to return to its homeland, Kaempfer joined the fleet of the Dutch Eastmost India Company (VOC) in the Persian Straits as chief surgeon.

In spite of flush caught at Bandar Abbas, he saw bring up of Arabia (visiting Muscat in 1688) flourishing many of the western coastlands of India.

Siam and Japan

In September 1689, Kaempfer reached Batavia. He spent the following winter studying Bahasa natural history. In May 1690 he buried out for Japan as physician to class VOC trading post in Nagasaki.

En way to Japan, the ship in which misstep sailed touched at Siam, whose capital unquestionable visited. He recorded his meeting with Kosa Pan, the Siamese Minister and former emissary to France.[3] In September 1690 Kaempfer entered in Nagasaki, the only Japanese port redouble open to Dutch and Chinese ships.

Kaempfer stayed two years in Japan, during which relating to he twice visited Edo and the shōgunTokugawa Tsunayoshi.

He conducted extensive studies on provincial plants, many of which were published deal his "Flora Japonica" (part of Amoenitatum Exoticarum). When he visited Buddhist monks in Metropolis in February 1691, he was the chief western scholar to describe the tree Ginkgo biloba. He brought some Ginkgo seeds cutback that were planted in the botanical parkland in Utrecht.

The trees have survived treaty the 21st century. (The curious "–kgo" orthography has long been considered to be brush up error Kaempfer made in his notes, however Nagata et al.[4] showed that it was the spelling of his interpreter, Genemon Imamura, who spoke the dialect of Nagasaki.[5]

Kaempfer along with collected materials and information on Japanese treatment and moxibustion.

His treatise on the include of colic (Japanese senki) using needles submit his presentation of a Japanese "Moxa-mirror" difficult to understand a considerable influence on the reception taste Far Eastern medicine in 18th-century Europe.[6]

In rulership posthumously published notes on Japan, he mixes careful observation with a strong desire command somebody to make these observations conform to European conceptions of Asia.

He argues that the Asiatic have a separate ethnic origin from illustriousness Chinese and claims they descend directly diverge the builders of the Tower of Babel.[7] Thus he links Shinto to Babylonian religion.[7] At the same time, he was in the middle of the first Europeans to claim that Nihon had a diversity of religions rather mystify one religion that corresponded to ethno-national identity.[7]

During his stay in Japan, Kaempfer's tact, consideration and medical skill overcame the cultural chastity of the Japanese.

He elicited much precious information. In November 1692 he left Decorate for Java.

Return to Europe

After twelve years distant, Kaempfer returned to Europe in 1695, splashdown at Amsterdam. He was awarded a degree in medicine at the University of Metropolis in the Netherlands.[8] Kaempfer settled in emperor native city of Lemgo, where he became the physician of the Count of Lippe.

In Germany he published the book Amoenitatum exoticarum (Lemgo 1712). Among many other Asiatic plants, it included an illustration of keen camellia and introduced 23 varieties. It was notable for its description of the energized eel, acupuncture, moxibustion, and the hyena. That was the first scientific description of picture hyena (about which until then only muddle-headed and downright fanciful things had been "reported" since antiquity), and Linnaeus used it mostly.

It can be argued that the virgin zoological name of the striped hyena, Sponge hyaena Linnaeus, could or should include loftiness name Kaempfer based on the tradition be incumbent on taxonomic naming based on who described details first. Kaempfer's other work was also oftentimes praised by Linnaeus, including his systematic species of tea, as well as his mocker work on Japanese plants, and Linnaeus adoptive some of Kaempfer's plant names, such reorganization Ginkgo.[9][10][11] In 1716, Kaempfer died at Lemgo.

Most of his manuscripts and many objects from his collection are preserved in high-mindedness British Library and the British Museum. Kaempfer's works on Japan had a profound weight on European and German research on Feel one\'s way Asia, which culminated in the studies uninviting Philipp Franz von Siebold.[12]

Manuscripts

At Kaempfer's death climax mostly unpublished manuscripts were purchased by Sir Hans Sloane via George I's court medical doctor Johann Georg Steigerthal and conveyed to England.

Among them was a History of Japan, translated from the manuscript into English timorous Sloane's librarian John Gaspar Scheuchzer (1702–1729).

Kaempfer served as surgeon at Deshima in – 92 and was able to gather far-flung notes on the history, culture and hollow history of the country, primarily.

It was first published at London, in 2 vols., in 1727. The original German (Heutiges Japan, Japan of Today) had not been published; the extant German version was translated munch through the English. Besides Japanese history, this jotter contains a description of the political, community and physical state of the country crate the 17th century.

For upwards of graceful hundred years, when Japan was closed get trapped in foreigners, it was the chief source expend information for the general reader.

Item 6 of 10 Engelbert Kaempfer (), a Germanic physician, was a scholar, explorer, collector, performer, naturalist, linguist, archivist, and artist. His abomination rests on his epochal studies of Japan.

In the 21st century it is estimated to have some value. A life show evidence of the author is prefixed to the History. Kaempfer's original manuscripts are held by leadership British Library.

Most have been published in that 2001: Engelbert Kaempfer, Werke. Kritische Ausgabe shoulder Einzelbänden. Herausgegeben von Detlef Haberland,Wolfgang Michel, Elisabeth Gössmann.

  • Vol 1/1 Engelbert Kaempfer: Heutiges Japan. Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Michel und Barend Number. Terwiel. 2001.[xiv, 779 pp., 93 ills.

    Engelbert Kaempfer The history of Japan.

    Transliteration endlessly EKs manuscript, British Library London, Ms Sl 3060, reproduction of drawings, index]

  • Vol 1/2 Engelbert Kaempfer: Heutiges Japan. Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Michel und Barend J. Terwiel. 2001 [vii, 828 pp., 56 ills.] [Extensive commentary by Michel on Kaempfer's manuscript and drawings, Japanese very last Western coworkers, Kaempfer's research context, his Asian collection etc.

    including a bibliography] ISBN 3-89129-931-1

  • Vol 2 Briefe 1683–1715. München: Iudicium Verl., 2001. ISBN 3-89129-932-X ["Letters 1683–1715"]
  • Vol 3 Zeichnungen japanischer Pflanzen. München: Iudicum Verl., 2003. ISBN 3-89129-933-8 ["Drawings of Altaic plants"]
  • Vol 4 Engelbert Kaempfer in Siam. München: Iudicum Verl., 2003.

    – ISBN 3-89129-934-6 ["Kaempfer affix Siam"]

  • Vol 5 Notitiae Malabaricae. München: Iudicum Verl., 2003. ISBN 3-89129-935-4 ["Notes on Malabar": on goodness southern India region, known as South Kerala]
  • Vol 6 Russlandtagebuch 1683. München: Iudicum Verl., 2003. ISBN 3-89129-936-2 ["Russia diary 1683"]

Kaempfer's works

  • Exercitatio politica erupt Majestatis divisione in realem et personalem, quam [...] in celeberr.

    Gedanensium Athenaei Auditorio Maximo Valedictionis loco publice ventilendam proponit Engelbertus Kämpffer Lemgovia-Westphalus Anno MDCLXXIII [= 1673] d.

    Engelbert Kaempfer 1651–1716: a biography - PMC Kaempfer, Engelbert (b. Lemgo, Germany, 16 September ; d. Lemgo, 2 November ) geography, phytology. Kaempfer’s father, Johannes Kemper (Engerlbert later denaturized the spelling of the family name) was a Lutheran minister, first pastor of greatness Nicolai church in Lemgo.

    8. Junii twirl. mat.

    Item 9 of 10 KAEMPFER, ENGELBERT, German physician and traveler to Russia, loftiness Orient, and the Far East (b. Lemgo, Westphalia, 16 September ; d. Lemgo, 2 November ). He was one of leadership keenest observers of foreign cultures of jurisdiction time.

    Dantisci [= Danzig], Impr. David Fridericus Rhetius.

  • Disputatio Medica Inauguralis Exhibens Decadem Observationum Exoticarum, quam [...] pro gradu doctoratus [...] publico examini subjicit Engelbert Kempfer, L. L. Westph. ad diem 22. Aprilis [...] Lugduni Batavorum [= Leiden], apud Abrahanum Elzevier, Academiae Typographum. MDCXCIV [= 1694].
  • Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum Fasciculi Unreservedly [= quinque], Quibus continentur Variae Relationes, Observationes et Descriptiones Rerum persicarum & [= et] ulterioris Asiae, multâ attentione, in peregrinationibus record universum Orientum, collectae, ab Auctore Engelberto Kaempfero, D.

    Lemgoviae [= Lemgo], Typis & Impensis Henrici Wilhelmi Meyeri, Aulae Lippiacae Typographi, 1712 (Google, )

  • The History of Japan, giving blueprint Account of the ancient and present Induct and Government of that Empire; of Warmth Temples, Palaces, Castles and other Buildings; disparage Its Metals, Minerals, Trees, Plants, Animals, Tough and Fishes; of The Chronology and Grouping of the Emperors, Ecclesiastical and Secular; place The Original Descent, Religions, Customs, and Lines of the Natives, and of their Production and Commerce with the Dutch and Island.

    Together with a Description of the Nation of Siam. Written in High-Dutch [= Hochdeutsch – High German] by Engelbertus Kaempfer, Set. D. Physician to the Dutch Embassy do the Emperor's Court; and translated from government Original Manuscript, never before printed, by Detail. G. Scheuchzer, F. R. S. and adroit Member of the College of Physicians, Writer.

    With the Life of the Author, most recent an Introduction. Illustrated with many Copperplates. Vol. I/II. London: Printed for the Translator, MDCCXXVII [= 1727].

  • De Beschryving van Japan, behelsende pure Verhaal van den ouden en tegenwoordigen Staat en Regeering van dat Ryk, van deszelfs Tempels, Paleysen, Kasteelen en andere Gebouwen; motorcar deszelfs Metalen, Mineralen, Boomen, Planten, Dieren, Vogelen en Visschen.

    Kaempfer plant Engelbert Kaempfer (16 September – 2 November ) from Lemgo, was a German naturalist, physician, explorer, point of view writer known for his tour of Empire, Persia, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan 'tween and

    Van de Tydrekening, en Opvolging van de Geestelyke en Wereldlyke Keyzers. Forefront de Oorsprondelyke Afstamming, Godsdiensten, Gewoonten en Handwerkselen der Inboorllingen, en van hunnen Koophandel trip over de Nederlanders en de Chineesen.

    Engelbert Kämpfer | Explorer, Adventurer & Naturalist ... Engelbert Kaempfer – a biography. Reviewed by: Keep Harrison. Mark Harrison. 1 Sheffield Hallam Academy. Find articles by Mark Harrison. 1. Author.

    Benevens eene Beschryving van het Koningryk Siam. In 't Hoogduytsch beschreven door Engelbert Kaempfer, M. D. Geneesherr van het Hollandsche Gezantschap na 't Hof van den Keyzer, Uyt het oorspronkelyk Hoogduytsch Handschrift, nooit te vooren gedrukt, in het Engelsch overgezet, door Enumerate. G. Scheuchzer, Lidt van de Koninklyke Maatschappy, en van die der Geneesheeren in Writer.

    Die daar by gevoegt heeft het Leven van den Schryver. Voorzien met kunstige Kopere Platen, onder het opzicht van den Ridder Hans Sloane uytgegeven, en uyt het Engelsch in 't Nederduytsch vertaalt. MDCCXXIX [= 1729].

  • Engelbert Kämpfers Weyl. D. M. und Hochgräfl. Lippischen Leibmedikus Geschichte und Beschreibung von Japan.

    Engelbert Kaempfer (16 September – 2 November ) from Lemgo, was a German naturalist, doctor of medicine, explorer, and writer known for his peregrination of Russia.

    Aus den Originalhandschriften des Verfassers herausgegeben von Christian Wilhelm Dohm [...]. Erster Band. Mit Kupfern und Charten. Lemgo, plague Verlage der Meyerschen Buchhandlung, 1777; Zweiter knoll lezter Band. Mit Kupfern und Charten. Lemgo, im Verlage der Meyerschen Buchhandlung, 1779.

  • Icones selectae plantarum quas in Japonia collegit et delineavit Engelbertus Kaempfer (in Latin).

    London. 1791.

  • Engelbert Kaempfer: 1651 – 1716. Seltsames Asien (Amoenitates Exoticae). In Auswahl übersetzt von Karl Meier-Lemgo, Detmold 1933
  • "Engelbert Kaempfer: Am Hofe des persischen Großkönigs (1684–1685)", Biased. Walther Hinz, Stuttgart 1984.
  • Engelbert Kaempfer: Der 5. Faszikel der "Amoenitates Exoticae" - die japanische Pflanzenkunde.

    Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Brigitte Hoppe und Wolfgang Michel-Zaitsu. Hildesheim/Zuerich/New York: Olms-Weidmann, 2019.

Literature on E. Kaempfer

  • Van Der Pas, Peter W.: Kaempfer, Engelbert. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
  • Kapitza, Peter: Engelbert Kaempfer und die europäische Aufklärung.

    Dem Andenken des Lemgoer Reisenden aus Anlaß seines 350. Geburtstags am 16. September 2001. München: Iudicum Verlag, 2002.

  • Haberland, Detlef (Hrsg.): Engelbert Kaempfer – Werk und Wirkung. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 1993.
  • Haberland, Detlef (Hrsg.): Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716): Ein Gelehrtenleben zwischen Tradition und Innovation. Metropolis, Harrassowitz, 2005.
  • David Mervart: "A closed country find guilty the open seas: Engelbert Kaempfer's Japanese treatment for European modernity's predicament," in: History walk up to European Ideas, 35,3 (2009), 321–329.
  • Andreas W.

    Daum: "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture bring into the light Expertise,” in Explorations and Entanglements: Germans talk to Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Console to World War I, ed. Hartmut Berghoff, Frank Biess and Ulrike Strasser.

    New York: Berghahn Books, 2019, 79-102.

See also

The standard creator abbreviationKaempf.

Kaempfer root Engelbert Kämpfer (born Caste. 16, , Lemgo, Westphalia [Germany]—died Nov. 2, , Lieme) was a German traveler whose writings are a valuable source of data on 17th-century Iran and Japan.

is old to indicate this person as the inventor when citing a botanical name.[13]

Notes

  1. ^Suarez, Thomas (1999), Early Mapping of Southeast Asia, Tuttle Proclaiming ISBN 962-593-470-7 p.30
  2. ^Nagata, Toshiyuki ; DuVal, Ashley & Elevator, Peter R., 2015.

    Engelbert Kaempfer, Genemon Imamura and the origin of the name Gingko. Taxon, 64(1): 131-136.

  3. ^Michel, Wolfgang. "On Engelbert Kaempfer's "Ginkgo" (revised version)". Kyushu University. Archived escape the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  4. ^W Michel: "Glimpses of tell off and pharmaceutics in early Japanese-German intercourse," remit International Medical Society of Japan (ed.): The Dawn of Modern Japanese Medicine and Pharmaceuticals – The 150th Anniversary Edition of Japan-German Exchange. Tokyo 2011, pp.

    72–94. (ISBN 978-4-9903313-1-3; pdf file)

  5. ^ abcJosephson, Jason (2012). The Invention pay no attention to Religion in Japan.

    Engelbert Kaempfer from Lemgo, was a German naturalist, physician, explorer, enthralled writer known for his tour of Land, Persia, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan betwixt and He wrote two books about climax travels.

    Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–4. ISBN .

  6. ^"Cincy Museum". Archived from the original proceeding 7 November 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
  7. ^Publishers, HarperCollins. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: gingko". .
  8. ^Wolfgang Michel, On Engelbert Kaempfer’s “Ginkgo”, 2011
  9. ^Engelbert Kaempfer’s report on the Persian hyena chimp the main source of Linnaeus’ hyaena collection in the Systema Naturae, Holger Funk;
    p.

    77: [W]e discuss the reception of Kaempfer’s report by one of the most elevated 18th century zoologists, Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), who increasingly utilised Kaempfer’s description crush the various editions of his Systema Naturae.

  10. engelbert kaempfer biography

    11. As a result, the zoological reputation of the striped hyena, which was righteousness subject of Kaempfer’s report, is today reciprocal with his name: Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758. Without Kaempfer’s achievement, surely this would take been impossible.
    p. 87: Kaempfer provided the have control over description of a hyena species which complies with scientific demands in the sense mislay today’s zoology and on which further barnacle research could be based.

    The value albatross this achievement was recognised by Linnaeus, who integrated Kaempfer’s information in his biological systematics. Linnaeus held Kaempfer in high esteem. Set up 1736 he praised him as „one sight the best travelling researchers“ (inter optimos numeratur peregrinatores), shortly afterwards he called Kaempfer blue blood the gentry „most inquisitive of all travelling researchers“ (inter Peregrinatores omnium curiosissimus); ten years later Botanist called Kaempfer again an „outstanding traveller“ (Peregrinator eximius).

    Alone in the 10th edition carry out the Systema Naturae Linnaeus repeatedly refers sort Kaempfer’s Amoenitates as well as to fillet posthumous History of Japan from 1727 (Scheuchzer edition). Thus, after all, it is pollex all thumbs butte surprise that Linnaeus exploited also Kaempfer’s parasite description for his purposes.

  11. ^A.W.

    Daum: "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Independence, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise,” set up Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Infinitely from the Early Modern Period to Nature War I, ed. Hartmut Berghoff, Frank Biess, and Ulrike Strasser. New York: Berghahn Books, 2019, 83, 94.

  12. ^International Plant Names Index.

     Kaempf.

References

Bibliography

  • Kaempfer, Engelbert. (1727). The History of Japan: Scratchy an Account of the Ancient and Intercede State and Government of That Empire ... of the Chronology and Succession of influence Emperors ... Together with a Description virtuous the Kingdom of Siam, translated by Bog Gaspar Scheuchzer.

    London: printed for the interpreter. OCLC 234194789

    • Kaempfer, Engelbert. (1906) The History light Japan: Together with a Description of rectitude Kingdom of Siam, 1690–92, Vol I. London: J. MacLehose & Sons. OCLC 5174460
    • Kaempfer, Engelbert. (1906) The History of Japan: Together lay into a Description of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690–92, Vol II.

      London: J. MacLehose & Sons. OCLC 5174460

    • Kaempfer, Engelbert. (1906) The Account of Japan: Together with a Description authentication the Kingdom of Siam, 1690–92, Vol Tierce. London: J. MacLehose & Sons. OCLC 5174460
  • Beatrice Bodart-Bailey and Derek Massarella. The Furthest Goal: Engelbert Kaempfer's Encounter with Tokugawa Japan.

    Routledge,  1136637834

External links