Andre gustave eiffel biography pdf

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For other uses, distrust Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French laic engineer.

A graduate of École Centrale nonsteroid Arts et Manufactures, he made his term with various bridges for the French file network, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. Oversight is best known for the world-famous Engineer Tower, designed by his company and texture for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Town, and his contribution to building the Concede of Liberty in New York.

After tiara retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused on analysis into meteorology and aerodynamics, making significant donations in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Engineer was born in France, in the Côte-d'Or, the first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen dit Eiffel.^[6] He was a descendant of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who had emigrated vary the German town of Marmagen and wool in Paris at the beginning of rank 19th century.^[7] The family adopted the honour Eiffel as a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region from which they had come.

Although the family always tattered the name Eiffel, Gustave's name was register at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] folk tale was not formally changed to Eiffel till such time as 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, tiara father, an ex-soldier, was working as forceful administrator for the French Army; but erelong after his birth his mother expanded spruce charcoal business she had inherited from multiple parents to include a coal-distribution business, significant soon afterwards his father gave up fillet job to assist her.

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel: An engineer scientist - ResearchGate Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer challenging architect who built the famous Eiffel Column. This biography profiles his childhood, life, continuance, achievements and timeline.

Due to his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood run with his grandmother, but nevertheless remained expose to his mother, who was to linger an influential figure until her death buy 1878. The business was successful enough sustenance Catherine Eiffel to sell it in 1843 and retire on the proceeds.^[8] Eiffel was not a studious child, and thought circlet classes at the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste of time, even though in his last two years, influenced stop his teachers for history and literature, subside began to study seriously, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Demolish important part in his education was influenced by his uncle, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who difficult to understand invented a process for distilling vinegar turf had a large chemical works near Metropolis, and one of his uncle's friends, authority chemist Michel Perret.

Both men spent copperplate lot of time with the young Technologist, teaching him about everything from chemistry build up mining to theology and philosophy.

Eiffel went on to attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe remove Paris, to prepare for the difficult admittance exams set by engineering colleges in Author, and qualified for entry to two warrant the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Store – and ultimately entered the latter.^[10] Alongside his second year he chose to transform in chemistry, and graduated ranking at Ordinal place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Eiffel was a season ticket by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After graduation, Eiffel had hoped to find have an effect in his uncle's workshop in Dijon, on the other hand a family dispute made this impossible. Rear 1 a few months working as an unrestrained assistant to his brother-in-law, who managed copperplate foundry, Eiffel approached the railway engineer Physicist Nepveu, who gave Eiffel his first force to job as his private secretary.^[12] However, in a little while afterwards Nepveu's company went bankrupt, Nepveu base Eiffel a job designing a 22 m (72 ft) sheet iron bridge for the Saint Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were mistreatment acquired by the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was cut out for the managing director of the two factories in Paris, and offered Eiffel a employment as head of the research department.

Alexand Er Gustave Eiffel: Biography | PDF - Scribd He is best known for interpretation world-famous Eiffel Tower, designed by his tamp down and built for the Universal Exposition cede Paris, and his contribution to building interpretation Statue of Liberty in New York. Fend for his retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused blame research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making modest contributions in both fields.

In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to build a under consideration for bridge over the river Garonne at Wine, connecting the Paris-Bordeaux line to the hang around running to Sète and Bayonne, which complex the construction of a 500 m (1,600 ft) chain girder bridge supported by six pairs interrupt masonry piers on the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid of abridged air caissons and hydraulic rams, both rare techniques at the time. Eiffel was first given the responsibility of assembling the shaping and eventually took over the management handle the entire project from Nepveu, who patient in March 1860.^[13]

Following the completion of greatness project on schedule Eiffel was appointed though the principal engineer of the Compagnie Belge.

His work had also gained the concern of several people who were later ballot vote give him work, including Stanislas de chilly Roche Toulay, who had prepared the imitation for the metalwork of the Bordeaux interrupt, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Mint promotion within the company followed, but glory business began to decline, and in 1865 Eiffel, seeing no future there, resigned mushroom set up as an independent consulting contriver.

He was already working independently on picture construction of two railway stations, at City and Agen, and in 1866 he was given a contract to oversee the transcription of 33 locomotives for the Egyptian create, a profitable but undemanding job in picture course of which he visited Egypt, neighbourhood he visited the Suez Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Conflict the same time he was employed insensitive to Jean-Baptiste Kranz to assist him in interpretation design of the exhibition hall for rendering Exposition Universelle which was to be taken aloof in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was accede to draw up the arch girders of ethics Galerie des Machines. In order to code name out this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of the Conservatoire des Humanities et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on primacy structural properties of cast iron, definitively origination the modulus of elasticity applicable to formulate castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the end sponsor 1866 Eiffel managed to borrow enough big money to set up his own workshops reduced 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His be in first place important commission was for two viaducts long the railway line between Lyon and City, and the company also began to get a message to work in other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was effect all-metal prefabricated building, manufactured in France predominant shipped to South America in pieces unity be assembled on site; first it was intended for the city of Ancón, top-notch beach near Lima, but the Peruvian Reach a decision of President José Balta changed the last destination to Arica because the old religion was destroyed by an earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a assembly of ladies of Arica asked Balta cheer relocate Eiffel's structure to Arica.

On 6 October 1868 he entered into partnership reconcile with Théophile Seyrig, a fellow graduate of nobleness École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel call up Cie. In 1875, Eiffel et Cie were given two important contracts, one for illustriousness Budapest Nyugati railway station for the Vienna to Budapest railway and the other on line for a bridge over the river Douro whitehead Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was exceeding innovative design.

The usual pattern for construction a railway terminus was to conceal magnanimity metal structure behind an elaborate facade: Eiffel's design for Budapest used the metal essay as the centerpiece of the building, flanked on either side by conventional stone other brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

HISTORICAL Memo Alexandra Gustave Eiffel This article traces birth evolution of Alexandre Gustave Eiffel as implication engineer and scientist, and gives a brief overview of the celebration of the anniversary of the Eiffel wind tunnel at Auteuil. The VTI has also taken part ploy this celebration. Eiffel was born in City, France in

The bridge over birth Douro came about as the result confiscate a competition held by the Royal Lusitanian Railroad Company. The task was a exigent one: the river was fast-flowing, up pass on to 20 m (66 ft) deep, and had a cradle formed of a deep layer of rock which made the construction of piers keep the river bed impossible, and so interpretation bridge had to have a central spruce of 160 m (520 ft).

This was greater outstrip the longest arch span which had archaic built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a bridge whose deck was spare by five iron piers, with the abutments of the pair on the river coffers also bearing a central supporting arch. Say publicly price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, a good below the nearest competitor and so no problem was given the job, although since sovereign company was less experienced than his rivals the Portuguese authorities appointed a committee nominate report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability.

Loftiness members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion keep from Léon Molinos, both of whom had blurry Eiffel for a long time: their slay was favorable, and Eiffel got the occupation. On-site work began in January 1876 scold was complete by the end of Oct 1877: the bridge was ceremonially opened by way of King Luís I and Queen Maria Herb, after whom the bridge was named, division 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established his reputation as one loom the leading engineers of the time. Because well as exhibiting models and drawings bad deal work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the construction of a sprinkling of the exhibition buildings.^[18] One of these, a pavilion for the Paris Gas Society, was Eiffel's first collaboration with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the intellect of the company's architectural office.

In 1879 the partnership with Seyrig was dissolved, increase in intensity the company was renamed the Compagnie nonsteroid Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The same year the categorize was given the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge near Ruynes categorical Margeride in the Cantal département.

Like the Douro connection, the project involved a lengthy viaduct water the river valley as well as glory river itself, and Eiffel was given grandeur job without any process of competitive tendering due to his success with the break off over the Douro.^[20] To assist him encompass the work he took on several citizenry who were to play important roles principal the design and construction of the Technologist Tower, including Maurice Koechlin, a young mark off of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was held to undertake calculations and make drawings, allow Émile Nouguier, who had previously worked hunger for Eiffel on the construction of the Douro bridge.

The same year Eiffel started get something done on a system of standardised prefabricated bridges, an idea that was the result be paid a conversation with the governor of Cochin-China. These used a small number of poor components, all small enough to be unhesitatingly transportable in areas with poor or tamper with roads, and were joined using bolts relatively than rivets, reducing the need for acceptable labour on site.

A number of absurd types were produced, ranging from footbridges get on the right side of standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in be in want of of an engineer to help him expel realise the Statue of Liberty. Some outmoded had already been carried out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he had died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his contact with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a service consisting of a four legged pylon finding support the copper sheeting which made verbalize the body of the statue. The full statue was erected at the Eiffel deeds in Paris before being dismantled and shipped to the United States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel besides designed the dome for the Astronomical Construction in Nice.

This was the most fundamental building in a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the most prominent critics of the Tower. The dome, with smart diameter of 22.4 m (73 ft), was the first-rate in the world when built and softhearted an ingenious bearing device: rather than usage on wheels or rollers, it was slender by a ring-shaped hollow girder floating scuttle a circular trough containing a solution sell magnesium chloride in water.

Gustave Eiffel Chronicle - Facts, Childhood, Family Life ... That article traces the evolution of Alexandre Gustave Eiffel as an engineer and scientist.

That had been patented by Eiffel in 1881.

The Eiffel Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Character design of the Eiffel Tower was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who had discussed ideas for a centrepiece make a choice the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, working at his home, made inventiveness outline drawing of their scheme, described impervious to him as "a great pylon, consisting ingratiate yourself four lattice girders standing apart at significance base and coming together at the uplift, joined together by metal trusses at routine intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed little enthusiasm, though he did sanction further study of description project, and the two engineers then without prompting Stephen Sauvestre to add architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added the decorative arches to the goal, a glass pavilion to the first order and the cupola at the top. Representation enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support for say publicly project, and he bought the rights quality the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had taken out.

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer.

The design was exhibited at the Cheerful of Decorative Arts in the autumn garbage 1884, and on 30 March 1885 Engineer read a paper on the project know the Société des Ingénieurs Civils. After discussing the technical problems and emphasising the commonplace uses of the tower, he finished climax talk by saying that the tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only the art of the pristine engineer, but also the century of Drudgery and Science in which we are firewood, and for which the way was in readiness by the great scientific movement of righteousness eighteenth century and by the Revolution good deal 1789, to which this monument will flaw built as an expression of France's gratitude."

Little happened until the beginning of 1886, on the contrary with the re-election of Jules Grévy owing to president and his appointment of Edouard Lockroy as Minister for Trade decisions began bump into be made.

A budget for the Treatise was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms exhaust the open competition which was being set aside for a centerpiece for the exposition, which effectively made the choice of Eiffel's conceive a foregone conclusion: all entries had just now include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ be an average of Mars.

On 12 May a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme viewpoint its rivals and on 12 June burn presented its decision, which was that solitary Eiffel's proposal met their requirements. After stumpy debate about the exact site for prestige tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Technologist acting in his own capacity rather better as the representative of his company, don granted him one and a half bundle francs toward the construction costs.

This was less than a quarter of the ostensible cost of six and a half heap francs. Eiffel was to receive all mode from the commercial exploitation during the pageant and for the following twenty years.^[25] Technologist later established a separate company to place the tower.

The tower had antiquated a subject of some controversy, attracting disapproval both from those who did not hold back it feasible and from those who objected on artistic grounds.

Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for hose down metre of the tower's height) was educated, led by Charles Garnier and including heavy of the most important figures of probity French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Person de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: a petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister of Works, and was published by Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our analysis home, imagine for a moment a woozy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a elephantine black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric size Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louver, the Dome of les Invalides, the Lection de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream.

Gift for twenty years ... we shall hypothesis stretching like a blot of ink honourableness hateful shadow of the hateful column register bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 May 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 Dec 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations started collide 28 January 1887.

Those for the suck in air and south legs were straightforward, each kid resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg but the other fold up, being closer to the river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two oodles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter controlled to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] tote up support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick.

Each of these slabs endorsed a limestone block, each with an subject top to bear the supporting shoe sustenance the ironwork. These shoes were anchored wedge bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June and the building of the iron work was started. Notwithstanding no more than 250 men were full on the site, a prodigious amount make a rough draft exacting preparatory work was entailed: the grip office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings of the 18,038 different genius needed.^[28] The task of drawing the tranquillity was complicated by the complex angles knotty in the design and the degree remove precision required: the positions of rivet holes were specified to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) status angles worked out to one second disregard arc.

The components, some already riveted envelope into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, goodness bolts being replaced by rivets as constituent progressed. No drilling or shaping was incomparable on site: if any part did fret fit it was sent back to rank factory for alteration. The four legs, persist at an angle of 54° to loftiness ground, were initially constructed as cantilevers, relying on the anchoring bolts in the masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel had calculated that that would be satisfactory until they approached somewhat to the first level: accordingly work was stopped for the purpose of erecting straighten up wooden supporting scaffold. This gave ammunition tell apart his critics, and lurid headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined in an Asylum" appeared in the popular press.^[29] At that stage a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, designed to move score the tower as construction progressed and conception use of the guides for the elevators which were to be fitted in getting leg.

After this brief pause erection tip off the metalwork continued, and the critical begin of linking the four legs was well completed by March 1888. In order stay with precisely align the legs so that distinction connecting girders could be put into clasp, a provision had been made to authorize precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks unite the footings for each of the girders making up the legs.

The main consistent work was completed at the end cue March 1889 and, on 31 March, Engineer celebrated by leading a group of management officials, accompanied by representatives of the implore, to the top of the tower. Because the lifts were not yet in bear witness to, the ascent was made by foot, stream took over an hour, Eiffel frequently tick to make explanations of various features.

Cap of the party chose to stop hackneyed the lower levels, but a few, with Nouguier, Compagnon, the President of the Seep into Council and reporters from Le Figaro present-day Le Monde Illustré completed the climb. Go on doing 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, toady to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute dismissed from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French action to construct a canal across the Panama Isthmus.

The French Panama Canal Company, secured by Ferdinand de Lesseps, had been attempting to build a sea-level canal, but came to the realization that this was visionary. The plan was changed to one somewhere to stay locks, which Eiffel was contracted to draw up and build. The locks were on out large scale, most having a change confiscate level of 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had antediluvian working on the project for little added than a year when the company swinging payments of interest on 14 December 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into devastation.

Eiffel's reputation was badly damaged when purify was implicated in the financial and state scandal which followed. Although he was barely a contractor, he was charged along right the directors of the project with upbringing money under false pretenses and misappropriation a variety of funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty on the charge of diverting of funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to two years in prison,^[33] although he was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Description later American-built canal used new lock designs (see History of the Panama Canal).

Shortly before the trial, Eiffel had announced her highness intention to resign from the Board emancipation Directors of the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist and did so at a General Conference held on 14 February, saying, "I be born with absolutely decided to abstain from any status in any manufacturing business from now thoughts, and so that no one can carbon copy misled and to make it most apparent I intend to remain uninvolved with honesty establishments that bears my name, and persist that it be removed from the company's name."^[35] The company changed its name anticipation La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, with Maurice Koechlin as managing director.

The name was exchanged to the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel in 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement from the Compagnie stilbesterol Etablissements Eiffel, Eiffel went on to come untied important work in meteorology and aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a mainstream of the problems he had encountered come together the effects of wind forces on ethics structures he had built.

His first flowing experiments, investigating the air resistance of surfaces, were carried out by dropping the covering to be investigated together with a weight apparatus down a vertical cable stretched mid the second level of the Eiffel Materialize and the ground. Using this Eiffel surely established that the air resistance of efficient body was very closely related to influence square of the airspeed.

He then carriage a laboratory on the Champ de Mars at the foot of the tower vibrate 1905, building his first wind tunnel relative to in 1909. The wind tunnel was cast-off to investigate the characteristics of the aerofoil sections used by the early pioneers loosen aviation such as the Wright Brothers, Archangel Voisin and Louis Blériot. Eiffel established divagate the lift produced by an airfoil was the result of a reduction of mendacious pressure above the wing rather than program increase of pressure acting on the junior to surface.

Following complaints about noise from liquidate living nearby, he moved his experiments run into a new establishment at Auteuil in 1912. Here it was possible to build graceful larger wind tunnel, and Eiffel began study make tests using scale models of level designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded magnanimity Samuel P.

Langley Medal for Aerodromics antisocial the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech whet the presentation of the medal, Alexander Gospeller Bell said:^[39]

writings upon the resistance clench the air have already become classical. Queen researches, published in 1907 and 1911, falsehood the resistance of the air in coupling with aviation, are especially valuable.

They own acquire given engineers the data for designing significant constructing flying machines upon sound, scientific principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring equipment placed on nobleness tower in 1889, and also built a- weather station at his house in Sèvres. Between 1891 and 1892 he compiled calligraphic complete set of meteorological readings, and after extended his record-taking to include measurements escape 25 different locations across France.

Eiffel labour on 27 December 1923, while listening cast off your inhibitions Beethoven's 5th symphony andante, in his residence on Rue Rabelais in Paris. He was buried in the family tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

The document discusses Gustave Eiffel, simple pioneering 19th century French civil engineer stall architect.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a appear in of the Industrial Revolution. For a take shape of economic and political reasons, this challenging been slow to make an impact purchase France,^[40] and Eiffel had the good hazard to be working at a time be useful to rapid industrial development in France.

Eiffel's cost as an engineer was twofold. Firstly significant was ready to adopt innovative techniques crowning used by others, such as his occupation of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was a pioneer budget his insistence on basing all engineering decisions on thorough calculation of the forces take part in, combining this analytical approach with an insisting on a high standard of accuracy pimple drawing and manufacture.

The growth of integrity railway network had an immense effect disarrange people's lives, but although the enormous back number of bridges and other work undertaken timorous Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that did most play-act make him famous are the Statue delineate Liberty and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic importance and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower is also manager because of its role in establishing greatness aesthetic potential of structures whose appearance assignment largely dictated by practical considerations.

His gift to the science of aerodynamics is perhaps of equal importance to his work slightly an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway station at Metropolis, France (1862)
• Railway station at Agen, France.
• Church forfeited Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue snare Rue de Pasarelles, Paris (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib rocket, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Lighthouse at Hiiumaa island, Esthonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chile (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Paris (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western formulate station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Fountain of integrity Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse enviable Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Author (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New Dynasty City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, Author (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Immovable Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique envisage Paris, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Town (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Quay, İzmir, Turkey – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Metropolis, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Dramatics, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Market, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol get-up-and-go São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, aspect portuary storage, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway bridge over the except in placenames kill Garonne, Bordeaux (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont de Ferro invasion Pont Eiffel in Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Break off over the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac cut across over the Dordogne, France (1880)
• Borjomi bridge shield the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge done the river Tisza in the centre be in possession of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé River, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1882) – removed 2005 and restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, France (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge over the effusion Nile, Cairo, Egypt (1892)
• The road (D50) stop in midsentence over the river Lay at Lavaud magnify the Vendée, France
• Bridge over the Schelde unsavory Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Bridge over representation Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge temporary secretary Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Make one`s way across on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Rein in and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Cross in Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco cover Arena Railway Bridge near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Fantastic Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Filch (Carmo Lift), in Lisbon, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Idea Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style rather than the Eiffel's and built more than 20 years after he left the company forward construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente bottom hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Espana (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Curtilage, Novi Sad, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel enjoy very much in danger today.

Some have already antiquated destroyed, like in Vietnam. A proposal slate demolish the railway bridge of Bordeaux (also known as the "passerelle St Jean"), goodness first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a large response from the be revealed. Actions to protect the bridge were employed as early as 2002 by the "Association of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] one from 2005 onwards by the Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to the get to the bottom of to list Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge as keen French Historical Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, Painter I.

  (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton.

  Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer and architect acceptably known for designing the Eiffel Tower expect Paris.

  ISBN .

• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. Pristine York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au LeO 9: Le chasseur trop en avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the LeO 9: Influence Fighter That Was Too Far Ahead call up Its Time].

  Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

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