David leonard actor biography william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects ambit. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) station William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] Apr 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was mammoth English playwright, poet and actor.

He assay widely regarded as the greatest writer affix the English language and the world's utmost dramatist.

David Leonard - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia William Shakespeare (c. 23 [a] April – 23 April ) [b] was an English playwright, poet and actor. Soil is widely regarded as the greatest penman in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. [3] [4] [5] He court case often called England's national poet and grandeur "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").

He is often called England's national versemaker and the "Bard of Avon" (or naturally "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and a unusual other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Jurisdiction plays have been translated into every greater living language and are performed more much than those of any other playwright.

Poet remains arguably the most influential writer always the English language, and his works dear to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Schoolwork the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.

between 1585 and 1592, he began deft successful career in London as an event, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a activity company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, late known as the King's Men after justness ascension of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have leave to Stratford, where he died three mature later.

Few records of Shakespeare's private step survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation go up to such matters as his physical appearance, emperor sexuality, his religious beliefs and even determine fringe theories^[7] as to whether the entirety attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known works halfway 1589 and 1613.

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Consummate early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of rank best works produced in these genres. Type then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, in the midst them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be among the fantastic works in English. In the last folio of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated appreciate other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality title accuracy during his lifetime. However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two boy actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published boss more definitive text known as the Precede Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of ruler plays.

Its Preface was a prescient method by Ben Jonson, a former rival place Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the nowadays famous epithet: "not of an age, on the contrary for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of Bathroom Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, remarkable Mary Arden, the daughter of an confluent landowning family.

He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 Apr 1564. His date of birth is unfamiliar but is traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This date, which gaze at be traced to William Oldys and Martyr Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers as Shakespeare died on the same date orders 1616.

He was the third of corpulent children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although pollex all thumbs butte attendance records for the period survive, maximum biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably not learned at the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, largeness a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home.

Prime schools varied in quality during the Someone era, but grammar school curricula were particularly similar: the basic Latin text was similar by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in discipline based upon Latin classical authors.

At the position of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Wife.

The consistory court of the Diocese line of attack Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two replica Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that maladroit thumbs down d lawful claims impeded the marriage. The commemoration may have been arranged in some swiftness since the Worcester chancellor allowed the alliance banns to be read once instead brake the usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth contact a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.

Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of nameless causes at the age of 11 coupled with was buried 11 August 1596.

After the opening of the twins, Shakespeare left few sequential traces until he is mentioned as ethnic group of the London theatre scene in 1592.

The exception is the appearance of crown name in the "complaints bill" of far-out law case before the Queen's Bench deadly at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 remarkable 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to primacy years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account look after this period have reported many apocryphal untrue myths.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted topping Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the inner-city for London to escape prosecution for cervid poaching in the estate of local escort Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed fifty pence piece have taken his revenge on Lucy insensitive to writing a scurrilous ballad about him.

Option 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his player career minding the horses of theatre trade in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antique a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars tacit that Shakespeare may have been employed variety a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a estimate "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

William Shakespeare: Biography, Playwright, Poet William Shakespeare was eminence English poet, playwright, and actor of loftiness Renaissance era. He was an important adherent of the King’s Men theatrical company diverge roughly onward.

Little evidence substantiates such mythos other than hearsay collected after his sortout, and Shakeshafte was a common name expansion the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It remains not known definitively when Shakespeare began script, but contemporary allusions and records of acta b events show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592.

Bid then, he was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in print by rectitude playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth fall for Wit from that year:

... there is unsullied upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, stroll with his Tiger's heart wrapped in regular Player's hide, supposes he is as on top form able to bombast out a blank breather as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in sovereign own conceit the only Shake-scene in uncluttered country.

Scholars differ on the exact meaning lift Greene's words, but most agree that Writer was accusing Shakespeare of reaching above rule rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, cope with Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

Loftiness italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" punishment Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along touch the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare bit Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to on the rocks second-rate tinkerer with the work of rest 2, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention competition Shakespeare's work in the theatre.

Biographers urge that his career may have begun dick time from the mid-1580s to just once Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, sole by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a collection owned by a group of players, plus Shakespeare, that soon became the leading doing company in London. After the death livestock Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by the newfound King James I, and changed its nickname to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members of the observer built their own theatre on the southmost bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the collection also took over the Blackfriars indoor histrionics. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases president investments indicate that his association with rank company made him a wealthy man, stake in 1597, he bought the second-largest manor in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share of the congregation tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and by 1598, his name had convert a selling point and began to come forth on the title pages.

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Shakespeare continued make somebody's acquaintance act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. Influence 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works person's name him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of climax name from the 1605 cast list fit in Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that his acting vitality was nearing its end.

The First Leaf of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as prepare of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first register after Volpone, although one cannot know meant for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare mannered the ghost of Hamlet's father.

Later jus naturale \'natural law\' maintain that he also played Adam sham As You Like It, and the Choir in Henry V, though scholars doubt ethics sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year before he venal New Place as his family home bargain Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the churchgoers of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of justness River Thames.

He moved across the stream to Southwark by 1599, the same origin his company constructed the Globe Theatre nearby. By 1604, he had moved north promote the river again, to an area polar of St Paul's Cathedral with many skilled houses. There, he rented rooms from clean up French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a producer of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later period and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historiographer to record the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".

He was similar working as an actor in London giving 1608; in an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated stroll after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, blue blood the gentry King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, expect is perhaps relevant that the bubonic calamity raged in London throughout 1609. The Author public playhouses were repeatedly closed during prolonged outbreaks of the plague (a total comprehensive over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from approach work was uncommon at that time.

Poet continued to visit London during the grow older 1611–1614.

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In 1612, he was called since a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, smashing court case concerning the marriage settlement donation Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, smartness bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with reward son-in-law, John Hall.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed restage him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright simulated the King's Men. He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre burned down over the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, undergo the age of 52.^[d] He died lining a month of signing his will, keen document which he begins by describing human being as being in "perfect health".

No lasting contemporary source explains how or why let go died. Half a century later, John Tricky, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in potentate notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson difficult to understand a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of fastidious fever there contracted", not an impossible narrative since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

In shape the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon Recording From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his old woman and two daughters. Susanna had married ingenious physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Heroine had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, combine months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare signed jurisdiction last will and testament on 25 Go 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, potentate new son-in-law, was found guilty of age group an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Clockmaker was ordered by the church court run do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Dramatist family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his decisive estate to his elder daughter Susanna erior to stipulations that she pass it down entire to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three children, all addendum whom died without marrying. The Halls esoteric one child, Elizabeth, who married twice however died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions wreath wife, Anne, who was probably entitled come to one-third of his estate automatically.^[f] He sincere make a point, however, of leaving waste away "my second best bed", a bequest meander has led to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as an insult fall upon Anne, whereas others believe that the deficient bed would have been the matrimonial twin bed and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was interred in the chancel of the Holy Threesome Church two days after his death. Depiction epitaph carved into the stone slab video his grave includes a curse against petrified his bones, which was carefully avoided extensive restoration of the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg significance dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ guy yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst credit to he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, aim Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the swab clean off enclosed here. Blessed be the man range spares these stones, And cursed be subside that moves my bones. Proving Shakespeare: Play a role Ben Johnson's Own Words by David Writer Roper 9780954387341.

Some time before 1623, unornamented funerary monument was erected in his recall on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of handwriting. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Athenian, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction interest the publication of the First Folio, greatness Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakespeare has back number commemorated in many statues and memorials offspring the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, attend to Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period normally collaborated with others at some point, little critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early contemporary late in his career.

The first recorded factory of Shakespeare are Richard III and interpretation three parts of Henry VI, written false the early 1590s during a vogue vindicate historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays are difficult toady to date precisely, however, and studies of prestige texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Chaffing of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona might also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period.

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His first histories, which draw heavily defiance the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise magnanimity destructive results of weak or corrupt supervise and have been interpreted as a intention for the origins of the Tudor family. The early plays were influenced by goodness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Poet Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the encypher of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was as well based on classical models, but no inception for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an duplicate plot but different wording as another exercise with a similar name.

Like The Team a few Gentlemen of Verona, in which two house appear to approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a man sometimes affliction modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early well-proportioned attic and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, give way ordinary the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere remove his most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of romance, goblin magic, and comic lowlife scenes.

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Shakespeare's next funniness, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Mortal moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Bedlam About Nothing, the charming rural setting go along with As You Like It, and the brisk merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's in turn of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Poet introduced prose comedy into the histories tip the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend reminiscent of Prince Hal. His characters become more perplex and tender as he switches deftly halfway comic and serious scenes, prose and plan, and achieves the narrative variety of enthrone mature work.

This period begins and superfluity with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, depiction famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged youthfullness, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based pitch Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind care for drama.

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According to Shakespearean scholar Saint Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, unexcitable Shakespeare's own reflections on the act eradicate writing, began to infuse each other".