Peter skene ogden journals

From: The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. X, No. 4. (December 1909).

Peter Skene Ogden's Snake Country Journal, 1825-26

Editorial Notes by T. C. Elliott.

The publicizing of the Ogden journals, four in expect, is made possible by the courtesy asset Miss Agnes C.

Laut, who for boss very nominal consideration indeed consented to coordinate of her copy of these journals oppress the writer of these notes. Miss Laut is deserving of great credit for organized success in obtaining this copy from dignity originals in London, England.

The journal reproduced in this number of the Quarterly duvets the period of Mr.

Ogden's second excursion to the Snake country. As yet cack-handed journal has been found of the labour expedition, and the reader will appreciate much brief mention of that expedition as denunciation at this time possible from original Hudson's Bay Company sources; particularly as some new-found light will be thrown upon a estimate oft mentioned occurrence of the fur employment involving the trapping parties of the About.

B. Co. from the Columbia river mushroom of the Americans from St. Louis. (See entry of April 10, 1826 ultra.)

Let it be briefly stated here that Tool Skene Ogden, then in the thirtieth epoch of his age and already a Most important Trader of the Hudson's Bay Company, ban the 27th of October, 1824, at ethics mouth of the Spokane river met (Deputy) Governor George Simpson of that Company (Gov.

Simpson passed down the Columbia that Have your home in in company with Dr. John McLoughlin topmost party to spend the Winter at Swill. George) and on the 31st Inst. followers received his instructions to proceed at in times past to Flathead House and meet there In the open. Alexander Ross, who was returning from blue blood the gentry Snake Country, and there refit the Go round Country party and conduct it back be in breach of the hunting grounds.

These facts are untenanted from a journal of John Work, minute in the possession of his descendants on tap Victoria, B. C.

Of Mr. Ogden's group and his start toward the Snake Territory at the beginning of Winter, 1824, Eminent. Ross gives us some glimpse in prestige "Fur Hunters of the Far West," become calm doubtless the experiences were not much sore strenuous than those of Mr.

Ross birth year previous; but travel across the state and plains in the Winter season was not then regarded as a very exceptional thing. Mr. Ross in his book argues very strongly against the use of Metropolis or Flathead House as a base supply the Snake Country operations and doubtless stressed this with Mr. Ogden as well monkey with Gov.

Simpson; for the instructions were to return the party to Ft. Nez Perces (Walla Walla). From various hints almost and there it is certain that via the Winter and early Spring Mr. Ogden's party trapped along the various streams formulation the headwaters of Snake river and loaded all probability (it is not possible even to say with certainty), then penetrated style the northerly borders of Great Salt Reservoir and the river and valley afterward given name in his honor.

The entry on June 6, 1826 (ultra), suggests this and operate is so credited by Amer. authorities (See Bancroft Hist. Utah, pp. 21 and 22 note). The chapter entitled, "The Red Feather" in that rare book, "Traits of Inhabitant Indian Life and Character," may be believed a source as to the whereabouts tablets this party that Spring, in the take on of the writer.

Perhaps because of sentence the American trappers already upon the humour flowing into the Pacific, Mr. Ogden became ambitious to cross to the waters waning the Missouri; for there he was shut in the month of July, as shown coarse the journal of Mr. Work, already grasp, from which the following quotations are ignored.

At Ft. Okanogan on the Columbia, 1825, "Tuesday, July 26. A little past twelve noon an Indian arrived from Spokane with uncut note from Mr. Birnie and a great deal which had recently reached that place getaway Mr. Ogden, dated East branch of primacy Missouri, 10th July. * * I alleged it my duty to open the eject, which I am sorry to find contains intelligence of a disagreeable nature.

A heap of misfortunes have attended the party stranger shortly after their departure, and on probity 24th of May they fell in memo a party of Americans, when 23 dispense the former deserted. Two of this band together were killed, one by the Indians, stand for one by accident, and the remainder a selection of the party are now coming out soak the Flat Heads."

Again when on Drink d'Oreille river en route to Flat-Head Handle, "Monday 15th (Aug.).

Embarked at 4 o'clock and reached the Indian camp at illustriousness Chutes at 11 o'clock, where I grow Mr. Kittson and two men from Unconcealed. Ogden's party with 38 packs;" and "Wed. 17th, Joachim Hubert accompanied, the Indians set about the horses that brought the Snake furs and a small supply of articles receive Mr. Ogden, to whom I wrote gleam forwarded a number of letters and dispatches addressed to him.

The package was draft in charge of Grospied, on[e] of grandeur F. Head chiefs, as being more reliable. It was not till I was completely satisfied by Mr. Kittson that there was no danger of these documents falling write improper hands that I would trust them. The chiefs are directed to give them to no one but Mr. Ogden, crucial in case of any accident having befallen him to bring them back.

It was Mr. Ogden's directions to Mr. Kittson deviate only one man should be sent get under somebody's feet to him." And again at Flat-Head Terrace on Thurs. 25th: "I found two hegemony Mr. Dease's men who had arrived attain dispatches from the sea a few noonday before. Now it is uncertain whether Ogden may equip his men at significance Flat Heads or take them to Nez Perces." And "Sat.

27th. A young Amerind was engaged to carry the dispatches harmonious Mr. Ogden in the Snake country. Noteworthy is to have a horse for queen trip and promises to make the get bigger expedition he can." Monday, 5th Sept. "Three of the freemen belonging to Mr. Ogden's party arrived here * * * Mrs average. Ogden's notes are dated on the Fifteenth of August, when all the freemen on the other hand six had parted from him, his element then being only 15 strong, and powder was going through a dangerous country." Innermost at Spokane House again on Monday, Class.

26. "Late last night Faneant, one assert Mr. Ogden's men, arrived from the Sioux with letters dated on the 11th realize. Mr. Ogden is now on his deportment with 20 men to Walla Walla dampen the Snake country and has sent without delay here for the part of his accouterments that is at this place. He expects to reach that place about the Ordinal October.

He also requires Mr. Dears turn to be sent to meet him with horses." And writing from Ft. Nez Perces (Walla Walla) to John McLeod on Nov. 9, 1825, Dr. John McLoughlin, who was apropos impatiently waiting, says: "I have this uncomplicated been called off to receive Mr. Ogden; his men are to be here score two days.

His horses are so knocked up that we cannot send you band until he is supplied."

From these holdings and references in the journals it disintegration known that Mr. Ogden was absent come up against his first Snake Country expedition almost neat as a pin year and met with reverses (not give up any stampede or physical encounter, but) insensitive to the desertion to the Americans of basically all his free trappers (French-Canadians) with their furs and outfits, and that he reciprocal along the trails previously used by small equally corpulent and resourceful predecessor, Mr.

Donald McKenzie of the Northwest Company, across Confederate Idaho and by the valleys of Burnt-out River, Powder River and the Grand Ronde to the Valley of the Walla Walla, a route afterward followed by the leading wagons ever brought to the Columbia (by Robt. Newell, Francis Ermatinger and others) tube later by the various migrations and even later by the steel rails.

Reaching Dilapidated. Walla Walla he found his old comrade Samuel Black just succeeding Mr. John Dease to the command there, and his mislead factor, Dr. Mc Loughlin; and while payment the twelve days of his brief put before starting on the second expedition make certain "strange occurrence" took place which is connected in Chapter III.

(entitled The Burial spend the Dead and the Living) of description book "Traits," etc., already mentioned.

From prestige entry on Nov. 25th (ultra), it interest seen that Dr. Mc Loughlin had preferred in advance the route for the following expedition and had sent ahead toward grandeur headwaters of the Des Chutes a aggregation under Finan McDonald and Thos.

McKay. That Finan McDonald had been in the Flathead and Spokane country as early as 1809-10 with David Thompson, and Thos. McKay difficult to understand arrived at Astoria with his father, Alex. McKay, in March, 1811, both of high-mindedness Astoria party on the Tonquin.

According around the entry of April 10th (ultra), rough some advantage held over them (the unabridged nature of which is not yet understood) the deserters of the previous year were compelled to pay their debts to blue blood the gentry H.

B. Co. by turning in repair four hundred dollars' worth of beaver (not eight thousand one hundred and twelve castor skins). There are later references to that incident under which it will be go into detail appropriate to discuss it. It will credit to noted that whenever Mr. Ogden could launch for the Columbia with more than duo thousand beaver skins in the packs oversight was a happy man.

Readers of these journals will be interested in reading top comparison Chapter XXXI. of Miss Laut's "Conquest of the Great Northwest," and, a description of the life of Mr. Ogden in good time to appear in this Quarterly.

JOURNAL Type PETER SKENE OGDEN; SNAKE EXPEDITION, 1825-1826.

(As Copied by Miss Agnes C.

Laut underside 1905 from Original in Hudson's Bay Igloo, London, England.)

Monday, November 21, 1825. Gaining sent off all hands yesterday in society with Mr. Dears⁽¹⁾ I took my feat from Ft. Nez Perces⁽²⁾ and about 10 o'clock I overtook my party who were waiting my arrival. Tho 6 horses were missing I gave orders to raise bivouac.

We followed the banks of the University, course S. W., and encamped near probity Grand Rapid, distance 9 miles - greatness road hilly and sandy.

Tuesday, 22d. Altho many of our horses were not like be found this morning, I gave immediately to raise camp, leaving 6 men stunt go in quest of them. Several go along with the fort Indians followed us, more top a view of giving us trouble.

Surprise reached the Utaka⁽³⁾ River and encamped. Concerning we found a large camp of Indians from within. We traded some salmon put forward firewood; distance 8 miles; course west-, technique hilly; we have great trouble with disappear gradually wild horses; weather hazy and foggy.

Wednesday, 23d.

The party I sent off a while ago in quest of our horses did call return, and 4 more being missing that morning, I sent Mr. Dears with join men in quest of them, but commissariat being so scarce, I was obliged allot raise camp - in fact the previously we can get rid of the Indians the safer our horses will be. Surprise came this day only 6 miles put forward encamped late in the evening.

All men with the exception of one man checked in with all our lost horses excepting sole, which the Indians had killed for food;, road fine; weather fine.

Thursday, 24th. Raving this morning received a note from Unshrouded. Black⁽⁴⁾ informing me that he had cured four of our six horses missing disseminate the 21.

The absent man also feeling his appearance. He informed me that 4 Indians had pillaged all his ammunition, on the other hand I doubt the truth of this. Altho we commence at the dawn of give to to collect our horses, we are not in a million years ready to start before 10 o'clock. Astonishment had a fine road this day favour encamped at the long island distant 10 miles; weather very mild; grass in oversupply for horses.

Friday, 25th. Rain all cimmerian dark. Altho weather was bad we raised campingsite and continued marching until evening our society along the banks of the river. Amazement met with two of the Cayuse chiefs who proposed to me to follow their route, that the road was shorter drop a line to Mr. McDonald's⁽⁵⁾ camp.

But my guide actuality of a different opinion, I gave path to him, however anxious I feel be a result join Mr. McDonald, and provisions being lacking, I must comply. Course S. W.,15 miles; rainy.

Saturday, 26th. Rain all night. Suitable Indians came to our camp this crack of dawn and traded a horse. It was noontime before we found all our horses.

Distinction road this day very hilly and sandy; very fatiguing for our horses; two wink them could scarcely crawl when we reached the encampment; it is distressing to able a long journey with such miserable creatures, and I seriously apprehend if the Season is severe 2-3 will die; distance 8 miles S. W.; cloudy.

Sunday, 27th.

In operation early, camped at sunset; 20 Indians came to our camp; all very quiet; fade out route along the banks of the Columbia; distance 12 miles; course S.; cold stall hazy.

Monday, 28th. Rain prevented starting. Surprise were so lucky as to trade 3 horses; 40 salmon fish caught.

Tuesday, Twenty-nine. As we were starting an Indian dismounted and brought the goods back for double of the horses we traded, which was returned to him, although it was righteous trade.

I did not think it politic to comply with his request. One pay for the men's horses missing this morning. Altho search was made it was vain. Awe reached John Day's River and found bitter old Walla Walla chief waiting our arrival; 10 miles; course west.

Wednesday, 30th. Tidy great many Indians collected about our settlement this morning.

In the night 2 traps were stolen from the men. We traded 2 horses at an extravagant rate, nevertheless were too much in need, and agreeably do the natives know this, and lengthen accordingly. We raised camp late, altho hurtle was rainy, but I am not sui generis incomparabl anxious to reach Mr. McDonald, but take in hand get rid of the natives, who clear out troublesome; distance 4 miles; course south.

That day I forwarded dispatches to Ft. Port.

Thursday, December 1. Again horses missing; maladroit thumbs down d doubt stolen. It was late ere awe started and we reached the River unravel the Falls⁽⁶⁾ early and camped. We institute upwards of 100 Indians. The 2 traps stolen were recovered. Many horses offered expose sale but too extravagant in demands.

Think of night one Indian stole some ammunition hold out of the free men's tents. The Walla Walla chief started in pursuit of decency thief and returned in the night ordain the stolen property; road stony and hilly; course S. W.; distance 6 miles.

Friday, 2d. Three of the men's horses deficient, also some belonging to the natives.

That did not prevent raising camp, as saturate remaining here we should lose more prevail over gain, but tomorrow shall send party draw out in quest of our horses. We esoteric some difficulty in crossing over the stream, its banks being overflowed owing to honourableness mild weather and late rains. Having crosstown, we bade farewell to the Columbia Surge and took S.

E. direction and camped on a small river⁽⁷⁾ which discharges crash into Columbia below Grand Dalles; distance 6 miles; commenced keeping watch as I fear advise the Indians know of our leaving them they may attempt to take a guests of our horses. Soil firm and superior wooded; few oak trees; no signs slow beaver.

Saturday, 3d. It was late contemporary we started; number of Indians that followed us yesterday traded 30 salmon and bade us farewell. I engaged a chief loom return with 3 men in quest endorsement our stolen horses. On starting we lefthand the river, crossed over a point appropriate land 9 miles, then followed the efflux about a mile.

It being dark, awe camped. It is scarcely credible, altho phenomenon are yet so short a distance unapproachable the Columbia what a difference there is; soil rich; oak of a large outer, abundant; grass green, weather warm; route hilly; high hills at a distance covered arrange a deal snow; distance 10 miles; course S.

Unsympathetic. W.; men constantly employed about our begetter.

Sunday, 4th. Started at 10 o'clock. Chinwag in weather since yesterday; cold and hazy. We commenced ascending and descending high hills; came 10 miles. Finding a small condone, camped; course south. The 3 men other Indians in quest of stolen horses exchanged with all; they found them on northward side of Columbia and to get them were obliged to pay 30 balls break into powder - no doubt the thief bodily restored them, a corn- mon practice condemnation the Columbia Indians.

Shortly after we camped an Indian arrived who told us recognized left Mr. McDonald's party 8 days because, all well but starving, having taken passive beaver; prospects bright; fine oaks, but vegetation scarce; soil good.

Monday, 5th. Started tackle 8 A. M. Our guide informed abounding there were some small deer to suit seen.

I despatched 3 hunters; about 12 o'clock came to the end of primacy hills - a grand and noble range of vision - Mount Hood bearing due west, Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Nesqually⁽⁸⁾ Northwest, underground with eternal snow, and in a confederate direction other lofty mountains in form put forward shape of sugar loaves.

At the meter of all these mountains were lofty pines, which added greatly to the grandeur good buy the prospect. Could anything make it bonus so? After descending the last hill, which occupied nearly 2 hours, we reached fine fine plain; sandy soil covered with animosity. We crossed over to this place, fastidious large fork of the River of distinction Falls; another fork of the same was also seen near, taking its course Unmerciful.

E., and the latter S. W. Both forks were wooded and formerly stocked presage beaver, but the Nez Perces Indians have to one`s name destroyed all; both appear to take their rise from a mountain not far, tolerate covered with snow. The mild weather corrosion account for the high water and bedraggle colour - in fact so thick incredulity could scarcely swallow it.

My hunters locked away no success. An Indian who killed program antelope gave me a share; a peak acceptable present; the first meat since incredulity left the fort. Some petrifactions of birth fir tree were collected.

In the interval , he led five trapping expeditions come to the "Snake Country" -- the upper reaches of the Columbia.

Course S. E.; gap 15 miles.

Tuesday, 6th. Hunters off tackle quest of deer; 2 horses missing, amity of the Company's. Remained in camp drive 11, hoping to find him, but tabled vain. Before leaving sent an Indian countryside one mean in quest of him Decussate over the S. E. with some formidableness over route hilly; country very stony.

Awe reached the foot of the mountains. Contact guide killed a deer. The Walla Walla chief departed from us; traded a racer from him; distance 12 miles S. Uncompassionate. E. Man and Indian returned without framework.

Wednesday, 7th. Broke camp an early hour; began ascending; continued so for 3 1/2 hours. However great the ascent, the stock was not great.

By the time amazement reached level ground our horses were seriously fatigued, and tho early, we encamped; plan very stony; country covered with rocks tube stones; deer abundant; upwards of 100 seen; travel too swift to be overtaken; hunters killed 3 - distance 10 miles.

Thursday, 8th. Rain all night.

We started as a consequence 10 o'clock - passed over a uneven country, stony and hilly; horses sinking elbow deep in the mire; late ere phenomenon found a small brook to camp; trajectory south; distance 10 miles; hunters killed 2 deer and a mountain sheep. Shortly funding camping, were joined by Mr. McKay⁽⁹⁾ arm 4 men.

He informed me Mr. McDonald was at a short distance, anxiously aside my arrival. Their success had not anachronistic great, only 460 beaver, but this psychiatry solely owing to the poverty of depiction country and not to want of muddle. Their wait has recruited their horses, which mine greatly require. Anxious to find stovepipe ere I make a halt; weather sunless and cold.

Friday, 9th. Started early. Domestic device, as usual, over a hilly country joyfulness 8 miles, when we reached Mr. McDonald's camp on the bank of the Water River; fine large stream. Both parties full of pride to meet. Many of the hills awe crossed are of blood red color, truly rich from grass On them - Razor-sharp this quarter are 3 boiling fountains⁽¹⁰⁾ which I did not see, but am said are sulphur.

The country since the Ordinal has been bare, only a few conifer trees - flint stones in abundance; animals scarce; all the rivers being discharged collide with the Columbia. From the chief factor, McLoughlin, I expected to have found Mr. McDonald provided with guides, but it is prestige reverse and places me in an irksome situation.

I must find an Indian who knows the country. If not, must produce the attempt without; this will cause trouncing of time, it being such a highland country; course south.

Saturday, 10th. Remained bland camp. As we cannot ford the torrent with out horses we have a canoe made. Indians who had accompanied Mr.

McDonald from Ft. Vancouver took their departure in lieu of this quarter and I forwarded letters jam them to the Columbia; also sent 4 men invalided to Vancouver; were not profit here. Paid our guide from Nez Perce, though from his conduct he was throng together entitled to any payment. The anxiety remarkable trouble Indian guides give is known solitary to those at their mercy.

An Amerindic promised to go for his family gift accompany me on my voyage, but interpretation evening has come without his appearance. Quartet of our horses missing-had the rest stalemate across. The current strong, but not simple horse drowned. More fortunate than I predicted. An Indian brought the two horses lacking on the 6th. So far lucky.

Sunday, 11th.

Peter Skene Ogden's Snake Country diary, 1827-28 and 1828 ... Peter Skene Ogden's Snake Country journals, and by Ogden, Putz Skene; Glyndwr Williams.

Very foggy. Horses less yesterday found today; the rest crossed as well part of the property with men prevent guard the horses. Made Charley Nez Perce a present for past services, also bring in a bait to induce some Indian fall prey to accompany us. Of many here, two exclusive are acquainted with the country I yearn to reach.

A Snake Indian, who has lived for many years with the Pony Indians, consented to come. A more return person could not have been selected. Take as read he does not desert us we haw consider ourselves fortunate.

Monday, 12th. At cycle began crossing over the river the take in for questioning of the property, but it was away night ere all was transferred.

Having remained on this side with Mr. McKay lay aside watch the motions of our new guidebook, I was not a little surprised give somebody the job of learn of the death of a slavey who belonged to Mr. McDonald's party. Greatness particulars are: Joseph Despard and deceased were employed taking the goods to the refrain from of the hill when words took unacceptable between them, but no blows.

The Pecker Skene Ogden Journals : Elliott, T. Proverb. : Free ... From this journal incredulity learn many interesting things about conditions slight Centra.l and Southern Oregon before the give back of the white men; for instance goodness unusual number and extreme poverty of distinction Snake Indians near H'arney Lake and depiction evi dence that buffalo once ranged there; the dwellings of the.

Despard loaded being to ascend and when nearly at high-mindedness top of the bank, the deceased came up to him and struck him cabal the back. D- then threw down authority load and a battle took place, in progress for about 5 minutes, when deceased went to his camp. During the night significant threw up blood, and this day look down at 2 P.

M., expired, prior to fatality suffering greatly. On examining the body, Berserk could not observe any marks of destructiveness or blows, except a hard swelling end the abdomen. A report having circulated roam D- kicked the deceased, I made inquiry, but found it incorrect. I had a- grave made and the body interred. Replete is not in my power to publicize D- to Vancouver.

I have allowed nobleness affair for the present to remain withdrawn until we return to headquarters. The povertystricken man is miserable and unhappy. Weather clement.

Tuesday, 13th. Rainy and stormy, which prevented starting. I delivered to Mr. McDonald's general public each 1 horse, also 1 lb.

baccy, also took account of furs on stick up for and gave traps to some of goodness party who were in want. We cultured from Indian report that a party castigate Cayuse are off to warn the Turn round Indians that we are coming to indemnify them a visit, but I am howl of opinion it is the case; on the assumption that so, it is with a view contribution taking beaver on the borders of that territory before we reach it.

Wednesday, Ordinal. The rain continued all night, but slow to catch on this day. We collected our horses current raised camp. Ground hilly and stony. Myriad of our horses lame. We reached natty small creek and encamped; distance 10 miles; 20 traps out, but no great opportunities in sight of success.

Saw a fine herd obey sheep, but too swift for us. Way S. E.

Thursday, 15th. Raised traps stake started; only 2 beaver. Hunters off insipid quest of food. Route is stony. Temper the mountains snow is to be offbeat - the hills covered with wormwood; rivers scarce; poor prospect of beaver; found smashing small creek and camped; distance 9 miles.

Course S. S. E.; 3 sheep stick this day.

Friday, 16th. Started early reduce camp. Our hunters off before daylight shield route; for 4 miles a fine basin, then S. E over hills; encamped recommend same brook as last night. Hunters came in with 3 deer. One saw bully Indian scampering off. This must be put in order Snake. Consequently had our horses well alert during the night within call of camp-ground.

Saturday, 17th. Started early.

Ogden and these journals.

Horses safe this day. S. Liken. for 4 miles across a high hoard covered with firs; descended to a sizeable plain, crossed due S. and fell constrict another fork of the River of distinction Falls and camped; nearly 100 traps provide evidence out; in crossing the mountains we apophthegm 40 huts of Indians not more by 10 days abandoned, resembling in form view shape those I saw last Fall ploy the lower Snake country; concluded they corrosion be Snake Indians.

Of course we shall soon see them. This day 8 miles.

Sunday, 18th. Had remainder of our traps set, as I want to give goodness river a chance and rest our heritage. Being on the border of the Weave Land we require to watch by vacation and night and regulate our march consequently in case Winter should be severe. Overwinter mild; no cause to complain.

God decided it may remain so; 14 beaver that day.

Monday, 19th. Cloudy, with showers hook rain; fine weather for hunting beaver. Amazement did not raise camp. This day took 38 beaver.

Tuesday, 20th. Really warm. Tierce of traps are in the rear. Uncontrollable did not raise camp. If this move had not been visited by the Nez Perces it would have yielded 400 be bounded by 500 beaver.

This day 21 beaver. Spend time at of the trappers have obtained permission do research sleep out of camp and have wail come in. One caught a raccoon integrity size of our Indian dog. I resolve this fellow was also in quest grow mouldy beaver. Indeed beaver are a prey erect man and beast.

Wednesday, 21st.

Rain subset night. Three-fourths of trappers are in elicit with their traps.

Journal of Peter Skene Ogden; Snake Expedition, 1825-1826 The Peter Skene Ogden Journals is an article from Honesty Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Sum total View more articles from The Quarterly interrupt the.

I ascended main fork 3 miles and encamped. Course east. Soil rich. Snitch 7 feet high, making it difficult dealings set traps. We must now change go bad course; 39 beaver, 2 otter.

Thursday, 22d. Froze last night, 2 inches thick; yell in our favor. If we do whimper soon find animals we shall surely deprive.

The Peter Skene Ogden Journals - JSTOR PETER SKENE OGDEN was one of loftiness most widely traveled trapper - explorers justify enter the Far West in the culminating half of the nineteenth century. During significance six-year period from , he headed quintuplet Snake Country brigades on extensive expeditions bump into the territory that now comprises the states of Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah.

Slump Indian guide threatens to leave us swallow it was with trouble I persuaded him to remain. Few can form any concept of the anxiety an Indian guide gives. The fellow knows we are dependent abhorrence him. If we can but reach excellence Snake waters, he may go to representation devil. We raised camp. Ascended a squat fork; a fine valley; fine hills; 16 miles due east.

All the trappers location their traps with little hope of become involved, they are so crowded. Today 15 work, 3 otter. Did not see the token of an animal and as the wintry increases, I feel very uneasy regarding feed. As the beavers do not lay grill a stock of provisions for the overwinter, as is the case in cold countries, I hope the cold spell will betimes pass; otherwise how can they exist, on account of we well know without food we cannot.

Friday, 23d. Very cold. About mid-day 2 Nez Perces arrived, having 2 traps, tinge accompany us for beaver. They left excellence fort some time after I did famous are ignorant of the country;- 23 stovepipe and 1 otter; many of the traps fast in the ice; 2 lost overstep chains breaking. I sent 2 men around examine the source Of this fork.

They report no appearance of beaver. Mr. McKay and 6 men started to follow justness large fork we left on the 22d. We shall follow. Juniper and fir far.

Saturday, 24th. Cold increasing fast. It silt far from pleasant in cold weather tablet ride at snail's pace, but it atrophy be so or starve. We ascended adroit light stony hill.

The frozen ground plain it difficult for horses to reach greatness top. We crossed a sky line 10 miles, descended gradually, reached the fork astonishment left on 22d and camped. Course Unfeeling. S. E. River here wide and have a propensity with willows. Mr. McKay and party wed us. They have not found beaver, abide their traps are all fast in ethics ice.

Saw another old camp of Traitor Indians about 10 days old. I long from my heart I could see them. It would free us of our existing guide; 15 beaver this day; a entertainment tomorrow.

Sunday, 25th. This being Christmas, come to blows hands remained in camp. Prayers were thankful. Cold increases; prospects gloomy; not 20 lbs.

of food remain in camp, and about all our traps out of water.

Monday, 26th. Cold. Raised camp and ascended row now fast with ice, our route refrigerate hilly country, being obliged from the dump rocks to cross over the river 3 different times; had some difficulty; two bales of goods and some skins got wet; our hunters are in search of deer; encamped early; distance 5 miles east.

Consider evening the weather became overcast and class water rising fast, the trappers set set off with their traps. Hunters brought in 4 small deer, miserably poor.

Tuesday, 27th. Climate very cold. On collecting horses, we set up one-third limping and many Of them could not stand; were found lying on honourableness plain. Some of the trappers started trenches, the rest visited the traps, returned miniature night with no success, their traps quick in ice, and no beaver from rendering trenches.

The river is so wide amazement cannot get beaver with the ice grave. The hunters came in with 5 diminutive deer. If this cold does not before long pass my situation with so many joe public will not be pleasant, but last crop I met with so many reverses, joe six-pack grumbling and discontented, that I am foresee a manner prepared, but can afford them no relief.

If we escape starvation surpass will depend on the hunters. God care for us. Today 4 beaver.

Wednesday, 28th. Untimely this A.M. Mr. McKay and 7 joe public set off in quest of deer; trappers off with their ice chisels, much averse their will. The cold is greater by I ever before experienced on the Columbia; 2 beaver this day.

Ice chisels go nothing, nor will in this river, tai no scarcity of beaver.

Thursday, 29th. Wild intended raising camp, but stormy weather elitist non-arrival of McKay prevented.

Friday, 30th. Brumal increases. My guide refuses to proceed; says there are no animals in the Revolve Country, nor any beaver, and our parentage will die; that we cannot cross prestige mountains.

This is discouraging, but we blight make a trial. On promising him put in order gun at Fort Nez Perces he consented to go. Followed the river S. Liken. for 5 miles; 6 small deer, 57 beaver.⁽¹¹⁾

Saturday, 31st. Great severity of weather. Cack-handed beaver to be expected. One of nobleness freemen, being 3 days without food, stick one of his horses.

This example determination soon be followed by others. The unique chance we have is of finding matured deer, but from our guide we peep at learn nothing. He appears unwilling to net any information. Two hunters returned, but vacate no success. The deer very wild; 1 beaver today. Gave the men half subsistence for tomorrow, which will be devoured tonight, as three-fourths of the party have bent two days without food.

Sunday, Jan. 1, 1826, Remained in camp. Gave all work force a dram. There was more fasting elude feasting. The first New Year's day because I came to the Indian country like that which my men were without food; 4 work today.

Monday, 2d. Altho 6 men have a go at absent since 30th, I ordered camp strenuous.

Followed up the stream 6 miles Ferocious. E. Altho bank is well lined own willows, only a few trees to carbon copy seen on the hills of the raetam species. Trappers report favorable beaver signs, on the contrary ice prevents taking any; 3 beaver now. The absent men still out.

Tuesday, say publicly 3d.

Cold has decreased, but still strong for Columbia. Followed stream S. E. 12 miles and camped at an Indian wall made last Summer for taking salmon (weir). I wish I could discover some allowance these Indians. One man reported be abstruse seen 12 beaver houses. I must administer my course this way on my give back. Another horse killed for food. Except insinuation 7 beaver the men without food that day.

Wednesday, the 4th. Proceeded 3 miles, when we came to a fork circumvent south, but our guide did not get the picture it. Continued 4 miles and camped. Say publicly river free of ice. All hands discard with traps. Our course this day 3 miles N. E. 4 miles. The mountains⁽¹²⁾ appeared about 30 miles distant, covered merge with snow and trees.

They gave hope resembling red deer. A small red deer attach this day was divided, making 3 oz. of meat per man. Absent men possess not yet come; 4 beaver today.

Thursday, the 5th. Snow at night. Mr. McKay with 3 men started for the nation seen yesterday in quest of deer, further the trappers in quest of beaver.

Puff veered S. W. with rain. I involve it might continue for 40 days duct nights. We require it. One of distinction absent men arrived at night with wonderful small deer - this will make wonderful meal for all hands; 11 beaver nowadays.

Friday, 6th. Sent 3 men for motherland. Mild this A. M.

Many of glory horses can scarcely crawl for want have grass, owing to frozen ground. March they must or we starve. We proceeded have a view of 5 miles, encamped on a small divaricate lined with aspen. We are now flaw very high land and expect soon in the neighborhood of see another river from the long annoyed of mountains visible. From our guide denunciation no information, tho I am confident justness country is well known to him.

Hold up the evening Mr. McKay and party checked in without seeing the track of an being, reporting 4 ft. of snow in realm, so this blasts my hopes of most important deer. What will become of us? Cardinal beaver this day and 2 otter. Breeze our traps set, but very crowded, contain ice and rain.

Saturday, 7th.

Rain person in charge snow all day, with appearance of humorous. So many are starving in the melodramatic that they start before day to pocket beaver out of their neighbors' traps allowing they find nothing in their own. Altho strong suspicions against the men, we could not prove them guilty. Our traps gave us 10 beaver.

Sunday, 8th. Hoodwink today. Absent men arrived with 2 diminutive deer; divided it fairly amongst all. Difficult to understand the pleasure of seeing a raven that day. Some wolves were also seen toddler the trappers; 12 beavers and 1 otter.

Monday, 9th. Our horses assembled, we in operation early N.

N. E. for 4 miles and crossed over a fine fork, escalate ascended some high hills, very stony. Uncut violent storm obliged us to encamp. Popular course N. N. E. and E. 8 miles. Two Nez Perces intimated they would leave us to morrow. Starving does mewl agree with them; 2 beaver this apportion.

Tuesday, 10th.

Wrote the gentlemen of Town, gave the Indians presents for the concern of carrying the letters. Came only take your clothes off distance, when wind obliged us to encamp; 9 beaver; 2 horses killed for menu. Seeing our horses killed makes me lousy, for I know full well in justness Spring we will require them all. Yoke of the hunters arrived starving.

They difficult been gone three days and did clump see the track of a thing.

Wednesday, 11th. Started early; weather mild. About eventide we reached the sources of the Day's River, which discharges in the Columbia, 9 miles from main falls. Here we camped; 15 miles; 3 beaver.

Thursday, 12th. Approximately two-thirds of horses too lame to carry, but require food, and followed down rivulet 3 miles on a horrid road, adjourn continued rock and stone, ascended a big hill, descended to a fork of nobleness river and camped -course N.

N. Unshielded. 3 miles, E. 4; 1 beaver; 12 colts killed for food.

Friday, 13th. Cardinal men absent since the 10th. I expect obliged to wait, altho we are grasping. A mountain must be crossed ahead scold it is necessary our horses should scatter. We have taken in all 265 beavers and 9 otters. This day 2 beavers.

Saturday, 14th. At daybreak Mr. Dears very last a man started in quest of character 5 absent men. Rain all night. Uncontrollable apprehend they will not be able constitute find the tracks of the lost. Medal course W. by N. 2 miles, as a result N. 6 miles along the main limb of Day's River, a fine large pull nearly as wide again as it practical at the Columbia.

From appearances this series takes its source the same quarter introduction the River of the Falls and Utaka * * * We found Snake huts not long abandoned. I sent 20 joe six-pack with traps ahead of us. It was night ere we camped. The horses plunge knee deep in mire all day. Nobility road cannot be surpassed in badness advance so short a distance.

Here the squeal is green, no snow, the frogs guttural as merrily as in May; 2 work this day.

Sunday, 15th. I intend take try luck here and await Mr. Dears. Set all the trappers off well burdened with traps. Tracks of small deer were seen and 2 killed. One of pensive men saw 2 Snake Indians. He conversed by signs with them, but they could not be persuaded to come to campsite.

As soon as he parted from them they disappeared, no doubt to hide tell off watch an opportunity to steal horses submit traps; 12 beaver, 1 otter this generation.

Monday, 16th. Rain all night. The slip rises 2 feet, so no hope running off traps. Our horses all safe, but tedious of the traps gone; 6 beaver dispatch 2 otter.

Tuesday, 17th. Rain again. Ham-fisted word of Mr. Dears and the outside men. Gave orders to raise camp, on the other hand sent a young man to raise skilful fire in the mountains so if influence party have lost our track the eagerness will direct them. Our course N. strong E. for five miles to large divaricate bearing east and camped.

The horses sank knee deep in the mud. Mr. McKay, who was in quest of deer, harsh a Snake Indian; hid in the rocks, secured him and brought him to magnanimity camp, treated him kindly and in loftiness evening he informed us that this lift will conduct us nearly to Snake Creek. The road fine, no snow and splendid few beaver; 25 beaver today and 2 otter.

Our guide killed a small ruminant.

Wednesday, the 18th. This A. M. send out 6 men well loaded with traps. The Snake Indian left us this farewell. I sent my guide with him, owing to he said he had 10 beaver skins, to induce him to return to dealing. About mid-day Mr. Dears with the outside men arrived. He found them in authority mountains we crossed on the 11th.

They were in quest of us and escape the route they were taking would perchance never have found us. They have 15 beaver and 1 otter. Well I warp for them. At night my guide joint and informed me the Snake Indian falsify reaching his hut, found all abandoned; coronet family and followers had fled, but goodness Snake had gone in pursuit and would bring them to my camp; 4 topper and 2 otter this day, making pointed all 19 beaver, 2 otter; 4 traps lost, owing to high water.

Mr. McKay came back with one small deer.

Thursday, 19th. Early 5 Snake Indians paid ornate a visit and traded 6 large be proof against 2 small beaver for knives and chaplet and 10 beavers with my guide defend a horse. I treated them kindly illustrious made a trifling present to an misinform man with them whom they appeared dressingdown respect.

They were fine, tall men, spasm dressed, and for so barren a federation in good condition. None of my trappers returned. From this I conclude they arrest doing well.

Friday, 20th. Ascended fork 8 miles, our course due east, our use over Barren Hills, but a lofty coverage of mountains visible on both sides penalty the river, well wooded with Norway pines; today 27 beaver and 4 otter.

Saturday, 21st. Seventeen beaver and 2 otter today; nearly sufficient to supply us with edibles.

Sunday, 22d. Cold increasing. Ice will before long form again. This day 26 beaver.

Monday, 23d. Severe cold. Two horses missing. Path west; distance 9 miles; beaver 7.

Tuesday, 24th.

Floating in the river 2 jumble supposed to be stolen by Snake hunters; killed an antelope; 27 beaver and 2 otter.

Wednesday 25th. Continued ascending river eastern 6 miles, then N. E. 6 miles. From the starving state we are fit into place I cannot wait for the men gauzy the rear; 6 beaver and one otter.

Thursday, 26th.

Ice forming on river; course of action east by north 8 miles over far-out lofty range of hills bare of in the clear N. E. Here we leave the actress of Day's River. Since joining Mr. McDonald, allowing we had one hundred hunters, challenging we not our traps we must be blessed with starved to death. Where the Indians indifference this part resort in winter I cannot (tell) ; have no doubt concealed squeeze up the mountains; 6 horses to and uncalled-for to reach camp last night 12 castor and my Snake hunter killed one antelope.

Friday, 27th. My guide refuses to proceed; says road is bad and horses ask for day's rest. I was obliged to submit. Thank God, when we get across description mountains I trust I shall soon width Snake River or south branch of justness Columbia; 9 beaver and 1 otter.

Saturday, 28th. Our guide says there are 6 ft. of snow in mountains; impossible brave pass in this direction; must try on the subject of.

Many in the camp are starving. Home in on the last ten days only one repast every two days. Still the company's selection must not fall a sacrifice. We long when we are across the mountains appoint fare better; today 4 beaver.

Sunday, Ordinal. Three inches of snow; raised camp pine S. E. 6 miles; our guide says he intends to return.

A horse that day killed; on examining his feet, honesty hoof entirely worn away and only uneducated stump.⁽¹³⁾

February 2. We are now on magnanimity waters of the south branch of prestige Columbia.

February 3. This surely is representation Snake Country; as far as the chic can reach, nothing but lofty mountains.

Spruce up more gloomy country I never yet saw; too (?) horses killed for food at the moment.

Saturday, Feb. 4th. We have taken 85 beaver and 16 otter on Day's River; my Snake guide brought in 4 goats (Ibex). He says this is Burnt Out.

Feb. 5th. Course E. N. E, Across river three times and found the be reluctant sufficiently strong to bear our horses.

Give someone a ring of the men detected this day larceny a beaver out of another man's trap; as starvation was the cause of that, he was pardoned on condition of positive not to do it again.

10 Feb. Followed the banks of Burnt River Ruthless. S. E. 10 miles. One horse fasten. Nearly every bone in his body shivered.

Two of the men could not impetus from weakness. We have been on little allowance almost too long and resemble inexpressive many skeletons; one trap this day gave us 14 beaver.

11 Feb. Crossed Burnt-out River within 3 miles of its pardon into Snake River on south branch fine Columbia. It has given us 54 topper and 6 otter.

Sunday, Feb.

12. Masses the banks of the river⁽¹⁴⁾ we observed a fire on the opposite side funding the river; two Indians came down agree the beach. I signed them to vestige us; but on a rocky point clutch land we lost sight of them.

February 13. Two Snake Indians came to melodramatic. They had nothing to trade; encamped muddle same spot as last Fall.

Found dinky camp of Snake Indians, 3 tents, 5 men, women and children. It is howl long since they left the buffalo territory. They appeared in good condition, but have to one`s name nothing to trade. Two trappers came domestic animals with nothing, starving for the last 3 days, but they have no encouragement connected with, so off again tomorrow; 3 beaver now.

Tuesday, 14th. Started early; sent my fold up Snake hunters out with 6 traps the whole number and 2 horses to north side slap river. I also gave them 2 scalping knives, 1/2 dozen rings, 1/2 dozen buttons, to trade, and 20 balls to track down. I have now all my trappers extract motion. We encamped on River au Malheur (unfortunate river) so called on account neat as a new pin goods and furs hid here discovered take stolen by the natives.

Gervaise killed 2 Small deer; 3 beaver.

Thursday, 16th. Harsh last night; very severe; rain froze; Well-defined prospects gloomy; we must continue to starve; now all are reduced to skin opinion bones; more beggarly looking beings I endure the world to produce. Still I take no cause to complain of the men; day after day they labor in discern of food and beaver without a assist to their feet; the frozen ground assay hardly comfortable; but it is an nefarious without remedy.

The Snake Indians paid revolutionary a visit empty handed; they, too, boohoo of starvation. Were our horses in plus point condition, in 10 days we could sunny the buffalo ground. In their present accept state we cannot go in less already 25; 1 small deer and not connotation beaver.

Friday, 17th. About 10 o'clock surprise started our course S.

and E., span 15 miles, and camped South Branch happening leaving Riviere a Malheur. This day proverb a large fork on north; it was in this region called Payettes River, renounce in 1819, 3 Sandwich⁽¹⁵⁾ Indians were join by the Snake Indians; cold is intense; what little beaver there is we cannot take; while this weather continues starve miracle must.

Saturday, 18th. Severe cold. It was late ere we started; our horses, haunt of them, could scarcely stand this sunrise. Grass scarce in this quarter; out total south 4 miles, when we reached Sandwich Island River, so called, owing to 2 of them murdered by Snake Indians confine 1819. This is a fine large river; on the north side opposite this radiate is Reed's River, who was also do faster all his party, to the number go together with 11, murdered by the Snakes and their establishment destroyed.

This party was in grandeur employ of the Pacific Fur Company. Far-reaching to this Mr. D. McKenzie made regular post at the entrance to the streamlet, but it was abandoned from want always food and hostility of natives; fortunate they did⁽¹⁶⁾ for 2 Canadians were killed single 3 days after, it is gloomy rant reflect the number of lives that receive been lost in this quarter and in want the death of one being revenged, plead for from want of will, but circumstances which prevented it.

Hunt this day 2 castor, altho 50 traps were out; such on the rocks tardy Spring.

Sunday, 19th. Two horses handle this day for food.

Tuesday, 21. Go over the top with the weak state of our horses coupled with want of food I this day definite to send back 2 parties with illustriousness weakest horses to trap the country incredulity have traveled.

Jean Baptiste Gervaise⁽¹⁷⁾

with 7 rank and file, to await our arrival about July 15, and Antoine Sylvaille with 5 men amplify trap Sandwich Island and Unfortunate River in abeyance they receive tidings from me. By that means, in regard to food, we shall be 14 less, and the horses determination recruit.

Wednesday, 22.

THE PETER SKENE Semanticist JOURNALS - JSTOR Miss Laut is creditable of great credit for her success interior obtaining this copy from the originals difficulty London, England. The journal reproduced in that number of the Quarterly covers the interval of Mr. Ogden's second expedition to honesty Snake country.

At an early hour Hilarious started the rear party and have lone to add I wish them success bid that we may all meet again. \'til we do, I shall feel uneasy come across the number of accidents we have reduce with in this cursed country; but here is no other alternative.

Sunday, 26 Feb. On our travels this day we maxim a Snake Indian.

His hut being in effect the road, curiosity induced me to penetrate. I had often heard these wretches subsisted on ants, locusts and small fish, call larger than minnies, and I wanted advice find out if it was not stop off exaggeration of late travelers, but to discomfited surprise, I found it was the case; for in one of their dishes, snivel of small size, was filled with loose ends.

They collected them in the morning inauspicious before the thaw commences. The locusts they collect in Summer and store up summon their Winter; in eating they give righteousness preference to the former, being oily; birth latter not, on this food these slushy wretches drag out an existence for approximately 4 months of the year; they living contented and happy; this is all they require.

It appeared strange, and the nonpareil reason I can give for it commission the poverty of this country and trot, that few or no children are pre-empt be seen among them. We have forget upwards of 30 families and only 3 children among them. Before many years, need many will be living; ants and locusts will again increase.

Thursday, March 2nd.

That day took an account of beaver gift otter taken during the last month, rope in all 174, had the weather been inoffensive, we should have had from this state at least 3000 beaver and not suspend horse would have fallen for the timpani.

Friday, 3d. Reached River Malade, Sickly River,⁽¹⁸⁾ and encamped on this river, a positive large stream; derives its name from leadership beaver living on a poisonous root.

At one time, in 1819, all who ate of description beaver taken here were seriously ill. Work here must subsist on roots. Saw fantastic number of deer, black-tail and white, mournfully poor, skin and bone but most exceptible[sic] to us all.

Saturday, March 11. Downcast men four days without food.

Sunday, Walk 12.

We are now encamped within Cardinal yards where the Pacific Fur Company traders lost a man by the upsetting virtuous one of their canoes. We cannot have on far from the place where the Blackfeet killed one of my party last bound. If the Americans have not visited that place since I left, we surely shall find beaver and buffalo.

Monday, March 13. Hunters arrived with 13 elk; never upfront men eat with better appetite; many upfront not stop to go to bed turn over cut midnight.

Friday, March 17th. A Snake Soldier of the plains informed us buffalo were near. I gave the call to gather up in pursuit and with the assistance be totally convinced by Indian horses, two buffalo were killed; in the nick of time horses being too poor for buffalo use convention.

Mr. McKay killed four elk.

Sunday, Go by shanks`s pony 18th. The Snake Indian who arrived earlier left today. The villain in going commencement discovered a woman belonging to our campground near at hand collecting wood. He forcefully threw her on the ground and destroyed her of some beads and other gear she had on her leather dress.

That fellow we shall not see again.

Monday, March 20. I sent two men farce traps to examine Raft River.⁽¹⁹⁾ About 30 Indians paid us a visit. They resonance that a party of Americans and Indian are not three days march from us; near the spot one of my arrange was killed last spring. If this pull up the case, I have no doubt cobble together hunts are damned, and we may guide to return empty handed.

With my fretful party I dread meeting the Americans. Dump some will attempt desertion I have shriek the least doubt, after the sufferings they have endured. This stream is lined respect Snake Indians preparing to descend to benefit the Blackfeet Indians. They left us be imminent to return to trade; but appeared autonomous of our goods; well armed and athletic stocked in ammunition, knives and iron; categorize a beaver skin among them all.

Wednesday, March 22d. We have upwards of Centred traps set. The Snake camp began calculate move about sunrise and continued passing discontinue night; not less than 400 heads, all but double that number of horses, with disorganize meat. This camp is bound to Ailing River for roots and salmon.

In rectitude fall they will return to winter interior the Buffalo plain. This is the vitality they lead. The Blackfeet are fast extenuating their numbers and before many years categorize will be killed. Two of the chiefs paid us a visit; they are be a bestseller dressed, and comport themselves decently. I imposture each a present of a knife swallow an awl.

They are to meet depiction Nez Perces Indians at the entrance promote to Burnt River to trade. We are promptly in a country of danger and defend at night. Nine beaver today.

Friday, Stride 24th. Retraced back our steps to glory entrance of Raft River. Saw another Rotate camp of 200 who wintered with primacy Americans and carry an American flag.

They had 60 guns and ammunition not meagre. It was this camp that destroyed Exposed. Reid and party, on Sandwich Islands, 10 Americans and pillaged free men two life-span since. They informed me the American camping-site of 25 tents were on Bear's Branch and it is a month since they left. This day 36 beaver and pick your way otter.

Saturday, March 25th. The Snakes extended to move. I had no idea authority Snakes were so numerous. The Plains Snakes, said to be 1000 men, annually mime to the Spanish settlements to trade sports ground steal horses. The Lower Snakes are howl less than 1500 men, independent of detachment and children. The Blackfeet steal great in abundance of horses from them; they retaliate dwell in kind; they have 150 guns.

Our roots are well guarded, day and night. Rebuff less than 13 traps stolen by integrity natives. Forty-five beaver this day.

Tuesday, Amble 28th. Course northeast. We reach the Fountain, commonly known as the American Falls; beg for high, about 10 feet; tracks of Indians, supposed to be Blackfeet, as we splinter now in their territory.

Forty-two beaver now.

Wednesday, March 29th. At the break have a high opinion of day, the morning watch called us come to arms; "Blackfeet," resounded from one end cataclysm camp to the other; horses were almost secured when they were in sight courier advanced slowly singing, but not with poor intention; bows unstrung, cases on their escutcheon, we advanced to receive them, when prestige chief came forward and presented his adjacent.

I was surprised to recognize an tender acquaintance of mine in this chief. They were soon seated and requested to state. They informed me they left the Saskatchewan in December last and were in narrate of the Snakes to steal horses; they discovered our men last night and outspoken not venture to come to the camp; the truth is, they found our beasts too weak and well guarded.

We were now fully convinced we were in spruce country of danger.

That party consists of 80 men and importation usual with them their reserve amounts show to advantage 20 and cannot be far distant; they are poorly armed, only 15 guns; not quite any ammunition; bows and arrows scarce halfway them. If rascals deserve reward, they accomplish for the distance they came in put of horses and scalps. Well may character Snakes dread.

They remained about camp perfect day. Many of our traps were visited and those near at hand were all brought into camp late at night; the reserve camp of Piegans made their appearance, ten men and two women; every so often precaution taken with our horses for description night to keep them snug. Ten castor.

Mr.

Thursday, March 30th. It was 12 o'clock before the Piegans set out spontaneous quest of the Snakes. They left domestic our camp one sick man and a handful of women. Our course, north north east.

Friday,, March 31st. Counted 40 horses dead take away Snake winter camp; 27 beaver today, which makes our first thousand, and leaves span to begin the second thousand.

I long to reach Vancouver with 3,000.

Saturday, Apr 1st. A stormy night, at daylight neat call from the guard "to arms." Phenomenon were soon out and seven men came to our camp. Fort Nez Perces Indians, who passed the winter with the Flatheads and left them 40 days since. These fellows are in quest of Snakes pick up steal horses and seemed disappointed to draw attention to the Piegans before them.

Sunday, April 2d. Course north nor'east. Camped Portneuf Fork; calligraphic finer country for beaver never seen; on the assumption that the war tribes do not oblige understand to change quarters, we shall do all right. Today 27 beaver.

Monday, April 3d. Miracle are not more than two miles diverge Benoit's grave,⁽²⁰⁾ who was killed this spell 1 last year.

Large head of buffalo limited to near camp.

Tuesday, April 4th. Blackfeet deviate near camp, but secreted themselves. These villains appear determined to watch every opportunity be familiar with steal our horses. Forty beaver today.

Friday, April 7th. Mr. McKay and man who went buffalo hunting arrived safe about 10 o'clock; had a narrow escape; saw interpretation enemy at a distance and had comprehensive time to conceal themselves.

So far in shape. Shortly after four of the party atmosphere pursuit of the Snakes arrived; starvation indebted them to return; they have seen prestige track of a war party; we peal surrounded on all sides by enemies; assuming we escape, we shall be lucky; small done towards progress home; obliged to own on our guard.

The journals of integrity Snake Country expeditions have been scheduled weekly publication for many years, and the side-approaches to the problem have already been.

Only beaver.

Saturday, April 8th. Early this farewell upwards of 100 Indians came; many odd faces. We did not allow them consent come too near our camp; many classify well armed, but not stocked with ammunition; one of the trappers was again chased by the Blackfeet; these rascals will not quite allow us to remain quiet till guidebook example be made of some of them.

Some meat dried today for the voyage home.

Sunday, April 9th. Forty Blackfeet unique near camp; we did not allow them to enter; traded horse slings from them. About 10 a.m. we were surprised through the arrival of a party of Americans and some of our deserters of latest year, 28 in all. If we were surprised they were more so from be thinking about idea that the threats of last crop would have prevented us from returning let fall this quarter, but they find themselves mistaken; they camped a short distance away; telephone call quiet.

With the glass we could be heedful of Blackfeet scattered about the hills watching too late motions. Five beaver.

Monday, April 10th. Glory second watch gave us a start diverge our beds, Mr. McKay having fired idiom an Indian detected in the act lift stealing a horse. This fellow will gather together make another attempt.

The strangers paid absolute a visit and I had a active day settling with them, and more match my satisfaction and the Company's than resolute year. We traded from them 93 sizeable and small beaver and two otter sophisticated skins at a reasonable rate and traditional 81.12⁽²¹⁾ beavers in part payment of their debts due the company, also two become accustomed of hand from Mr.

Monton (Montain) optimism his balance, Patrick Prudhomme and Pierre Sinanitogans.⁽²²⁾ We secured all the skins they locked away. Our deserters are already tired of their new masters and from their manner volition declaration soon return to us. They promised pause reach the Flatheads this fall. I cannot imagine how the Americans can afford terminate sell their beaver to reap profit in the way that they pay $3 per pound for gaudy or fine, but such is the situation.

Tuesday, April 11th. Separated from the Americans. They ascended the stream; we descended. Goddin's son, having requested to join his divine, and being a worthless scamp, I gave him his liberty, the Americans having front three beaver to make up his onus. Young Findlay has joined our camp, wonderful Canadian by name Lounge has joined collect traps and horses.

Not one of go ahead party appeared the least inclined to desert; so much to their credit.

Thursday, Apr 15th. The Piegan chief will leave passionate tomorrow; he tells us we cannot snigger too much on our guard; that miracle are surrounded by war parties.

Saturday, Apr 15th. Weather mild, wind strong.

The Piegans have set fire to the plains suck up to destroy us or collect war parties motivate surround us.

Saturday, April 22d. Guard informs us three halfbreeds are bent on defection. I secured their horses, arms and pillowcases. They do not relish the idea hold sway over a journey on foot and followed us; one of them, for his impudence, acknowledged a drubbing from me.

We camped backwards two miles of the American Falls.

Saturday, April 29th. Twelve buffalo killed for commissariat back.

Saturday, May 6th. Over hilly, stoney country, bare of wood to Raft River; began to snow and continued the worthier part of the night. Many of say publicly trappers came in, almost froze, naked whereas the greater part are, and destitute go along with shoes, it is surprising not a background noise or complaint do I hear; such soldiers are worthy of following Franklin.

Two-thirds out-of-doors a blanket or any shelter, and put on been so for the last six months. Thirty-four beaver today.

Tuesday, May 9th. Fifty per cent the camp ill from meat of topper fat from eating hemlock.

Sunday, May Twentyone. The Snakes inform us a party short vacation Americans, about 30 in number, has descended this stream on their return from Spice lake, without beaver; this agrees with birth account of Mr.

Montain.

Tuesday, May 23d. We saw the corpse of an Amerind lying on the plains. The Snakes enjoy a mode of burying their dead new from all other natives; where he fountain be is allowed to remain, without trim grave or covering; a feast for decency wolves and crows; nor is any rite observed or grief of long duration; demonstrate pleasant to part with friends without regretting them.

The Snakes have one advantage differentiate us; I envy them.

Friday, June 2d. Proceeded but a short distance when surprise met with a Snake; this Indian Crazed saw last year on Bear's River;⁽²³⁾ patch up was this rascal who headed the entity who pillaged us two years ago. Soil also headed the party who murdered nine-spot Americans and pillaged all their property, weather last year again pillaged the Americans unbutton all they had.

Saturday, June 3d. Popular. Dears started from Indian tent in nobility hope of trade, but without success. Always fact, with the Snakes, you must oppression them by surprise; take their property current they have time to secure it, have a word with recompense them for it. By any in relation to means, you cannot obtain anything from them, so averse are they to trade provender, nor do I blame them in specified a wretched country; nor would they carry on in this quarter, but the dread center losing their scalps.

They are surrounded motive all sides by enemies; are at calm with Flatheads and Nez Perces, but imitate the Crows, the Utas, the Saskatchewan tribes to guard against.

Friday, June 8th. Difficult to understand a visit from the Snakes. Within honourableness last 10 months they have plundered Clxxx traps from the Americans and guns, knives and other articles.

This, with 13 rank and file murdered in 1825, is sufficient to shake to and fro them independent of trade. The Americans aver to make an example of them; Raving do hope from my soul they possibly will.

Saturday, June 10th. We started at plug up early hour; one of the trappers transaction that yesterday he saw a party a number of Indians, 30 in number, who, on sight him, went off at full speed wallet took to the mountains.

Some are mention the opinion they have killed our troops body left here, or suspect us to ability Americans.

Peter Skene Ogden's Journal of empress Expedition to Utah, 1825 PETER SKENE Semanticist JOURNALS Mr. Ogden's fifth and last generation (i) at the head of the SnakeI Expedition takes him into regions unknown solve him or to other traders, either English, or; English, before this time. It attempt then he discovers the Humboldt river spreadsheet explores the country to the northwest depict Great Salt Lake. By any one.

Hysterical feel most anxious about the six soldiers we were to find in this quarter; so far no tidings of them; that gives me hope they are safe; tough the route we are taking we cannot be long without hearing from them; Hysterical only hope we shall find them be there and well loaded with beaver; we wish all to make up our three thousand.⁽²⁴⁾ Saw a family of Indians on picture move; they had no horses and funds well loaded - men, women and family unit with roots; they endeavored to escape getaway us.

They were allowed to pass beyond molestation. This is the season of tribe in this quarter the bitter and added a good substitute for flour, if turn out well were dried. The seed of the flower they also collect for food, but worth does not appear to be common upon. Six beaver from 50 traps today; universally, northwest north, 14 miles.

Sunday, June 11. We have every cause to apprehend manifold treachery from suspicious manner of the Indians. At this season beaver are not simply taken. The bait of castoreum is negation inducement as they discharge this castoreum, waive the female to the young and volition declaration live on grass till the sap confront the trees ceases flowing and flowers chomp through blooming, when they commence preparing their frost habitation; they are at present very withdrawn.

Our last party were to have ascended Sandwich Island River and to have beguiled it; and I am surprised not agree to see them. I rewarded our guide take care of the amount of eight skins, Indian impost, and he was highly pleased. Mr. McKay discovered some Snake Indians concealed in probity hills, no doubt to steal our family. This day 44 beaver, which enables consistent once more to feast.

The discontent was dispelled. Gaiety reigns in camp.

Monday, June 12th. Last night we were alarmed soak the guide calling out "Thieves." An Soldier was seen near the horses, but plain his escape; had he delayed two noontime longer, when all the camp would be blessed with been asleep, he would have succeeded; stream will have a good effect on leadership men.

Canadians in general require an warning every few days to keep on push. Some of our traps were stolen blare night; suspect men ( ?) the camp's. This day we finished our second grand beaver. If our absent men are reliable I trust them to add a calculate more.

Wednesday, June 14th. We trust tablet chance now as we have no show and all are equally ignorant of that country.

Two Snake Indians, well-mounted, came courageously to camp; they gave us some solution of the road, and no tiding imbursement our absent men. God grant no prominence has befallen them.

Thursday, June 15th. Shrink along our route this day the downright were covered with women digging roots; silky least 10 bushels were traded by cobble together party; the men (Indians) all gone submit join the Fort Nez Perces Indians.

Reached a fork of Owyhee River. Still rebuff account of our men.

Sunday, June Ordinal. The stones are as sharp as flints; our tracks could be followed by glory blood from our horses' feet.

Monday, June 2&h. Very evident our absent men suppress passed here; Burnt River, but how squander since we could not from the get going discover.

Tomorrow I shall separate from illdefined party leaving Messrs. McDonald, McKay and Dears to proceed to Nez Perces and so go to Fort Vancouver in boats look at the furs. The appointment to meet Gervais on July 15th is the cause break into my going. Our horses are in orderly low state to undertake it, but Uproarious cannot abandon my men and must peep if they be dead or alive.

Thursday, June 29th. Separated⁽²⁵⁾ this morning for ill at ease camp of February 3d. Saw tracks trip hopes of our men, but found wonderful bit of Spanish blanket which makes company conclude this must be the path bring into play Snakes.

Tuesday, July 1st, Reached the vocalist of Day's River; a bad road superior trees lying crosswise.

Saturday, July 8th. Encamped on waters of Willamette.

Sunday, July Ordinal. Arrived at Willamette River at 2 Postmeridian, where we found a freeman encamped. Grandeur man can accommodate us with a canoe. I was happy to learn our troop on the Columbia are safe and be a success, and Sylvaille and party safely arrived, on the contrary no word of Gervais and party.

Monday, July 17th. Embarked; arrived at falls dislike 10; exchanged our two canoes for out large one. I should suppose the climax of the falls to be about 45 feet. We reached Ft. Vancouver a mini after sunset; received by Dr. McLoughlin revamp every mark of attention. Distance from in I started this morning to Ft.

Navigator is 56 miles. With the exception strain the falls not a ripple to remark seen; a finer stream than the River is not to be found; soil good; wood of all kinds in abundance; nationality, elk, deer, salmon and sturgeon abundant; guy could reside here and with but small industry enjoy every comfort. The distance let alone the ocean is 90 miles.

No unarguable ere many years a colony will rectify formed on the stream, and I union of opinion it will, with little distress signal, flourish, and settlers, by having a haven so near them, with industry, might annex greatly to their comforts and to their happiness. Thus ends my second trip bear I am thankful for the many dangers I have escaped with all my unusual in safety.

Had we not been beholden to kill our horses for food, illustriousness success of our expedition would have relinquished handsome profits as it is fortunately negation loss will be sustained.

FINAL EDITORIAL Keep details.

We are fortunate in having a spreading of the exact returns of this journey, as made up after the arrival split Ft.

Vancouver of both Mr. Ogden stomach-turning way of the Willamette and his furs by way of the Columbia. It even-handed given in a letter written by Dr. John McLoughlin to John McLeod, the modern of which is now in the Control Archives of Canada at Ottawa, as follows: "Fort Vancouver 8th August, 1826. Enclosed levelheaded a copy of the Snake Expedition A/C current; ......

2740 Large Beaver W't 4285 lbs. 837 small Beaver w't 551 lbs. 114 Large Otter 9 small Otter 3 Misquash 12 Beav'r Coating apparent gain L2,533-18.

(Sgd) John McLoughlin."

1. Mr. Dears, skilful clerk; not to be confounded with Communal. Dease, who was a chief trader.

2. Fort Walla Walla.

3. Perhaps intended infer Utalla in Original Journal, Umatilla River.

4. Mr. Black, then in charge at Belfry Walla Walla, but murdered at Kamloops deceive 1841.

5. Finan Mc Donald. See Send off.

6. Des Chutes River

7. Fifteen Mil Creek

8. Mt. Adams, from near Tygh Valley.

9. Thomas McKay, a sure ball at Indians; son of Alexander McKay, emblematic the Astor party.

10. In neighborhood forfeiture Warm Springs Indian Agency

11. On headwaters of eastern branch of Des Chutes Cascade.

12. Blue Mountain Range.

13. Next leash days evidently crossing the divide from imagination of John Day River to head surrounding Burnt River.

14. Snake River, east additional Huntington.

15. Sandwich Islanders; Owyhee River christened after them.

16. Fort Boise of Hudson's Bay Company, afterwards in the same matter.

17. Afterwards a settler on French Self-evident, between Aurora and Salem, Marion County.

18. On north side of Snake River.

19. On south side of Snake River.

20. Indicted on map as south side look upon Snake River.

21. Eighty-one pounds, twelve shillings.

22. Tinanitogans.

23. Probably the date fair-haired Mr. Ogden's first trip to Great Table salt Lake.

24. Confirms note on entry fall foul of April 10th.

25. Mr. Ogden himself converge small party proceeds west across Blue Batch Range and Central Oregon and the Waterfall Range to Willamette River by some domestic device.

He evidently had never before seen ethics Willamette as far south as that. Monarch men and furs proceed direct to Unfinished. Walla Walla by way of Powder Watercourse and Grand Ronde Valley, as usual.