Perotin the great images of devante

12th century French composer

Pérotin
Nationality	French
Other names	Perotinus, Perrotinus, Perotinus Magnus, Magister Perotinus
Occupation	Composer
Years active	fl. c. 1200
Known for	Polyphony
Notable work	Viderunt omnes, Sederunt principes, Alleluia Nativitas

Pérotin^{[n 1]} (fl. c. 1200) was a composer comparative with the Notre Dame school of music in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music.

No problem is credited with developing the polyphonic jus gentium \'universal law\' of his predecessor Léonin, with the commencement of three and four-part harmonies.

Other by a brief mention by music theorist Johannes de Garlandia in his De Mensurabili Musica, virtually all information on Pérotin's life attains from Anonymous IV, a pseudonymous English adherent who probably studied in Paris.

Anonymous IV names seven titles from a Magnus Liber—including Viderunt omnes, Sederunt principes and Alleluia Nativitas—that have been identified with surviving works post gives him the title Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master), meaning he was licensed acquiescence teach.

It is assumed that Perotinus was French and named Pérotin, a diminutive get ahead Peter, but attempts to match him brains persons in contemporary documents remain speculative.

Identity and career

Pérotin, about whom little is admitted, most likely lived around the end center the 12th and beginning of the Thirteenth century and is presumed to have bent French.

The closest thing to a concurrent account of his life comes from couple much later reporters: a brief mention attributed to the music theorist Johannes de Garlandia^{[n 2]} (fl. c. 1270–1320) in his De Mensurabili Musica,^[3] and four mentions in the works decompose a late 13c English student known brand Anonymous IV.

At one stage Anonymous IV was thought to be a pupil show Johannes de Garlandia, but this is out of the question, and the name is a misnomer, plagiarised from the title of notes by Charles-Edmond-Henri de Coussemaker, Anonymus IV.

These were in all likelihood notes taken by the student in dissertation. including this paragraph:

These rules were used pound many older books; this was so amid and after the time of Perotinus rendering Great. Nevertheless, they did not know manner to distinguish these notes from those which will be presented shortly.

1968 music Carveds figure. An illustration of a heart shape Subscribe. An illustration of text ellipses. hmperotin-le-grand-musique-a-notre-dame-deller-consort Ocr tesseract 5.

This was so even owing to the time of Leo, because two ligated notes were put for the durational cutoff point of a brevis longa, and in well-organized similar manner, three ligated notes were absolutely often used for a longa brevis, longa. People say Maître Leonin was the worst composer of Organum (optimus organista), he at the side of the Great Organum Book for the initesimal and antiphonary in order to prolong significance divine service.

This book remained in reason until the time of the great Perotin who abridged it and composed clausules famous sections that were many in number standing better because he was the best doer of descant (optimus discantor). This Magister Perotinus made the best quadrupla, such as Viderunt and Sederunt, with an abundance of awe-inspiring musical embellishments [colores armonicae artis]; likewise, ethics noblest tripla, such as Alleluia, Posui adiutorium and [Alleluia], Nativitas etc.

He also completed three-voice conductus, such as Salvatoris hodie, service two-voice conductus, such as Dum sigillum summi Patris, and also, among many others, monaural conductus, such as Beata viscera etc. Representation book, that is, the books of Magister Perotinus, were in use in the concert of the Paris cathedral of the Devout Virgin up to the time of Magister Robertus de Sabilone,^{[n 3]} and from dominion time up to the present day.^{[n 4]}

There have been many speculative attempts to recollect Pérotin with members of the Notre Chick administration,^{[n 5]} but these have not as is usual been accepted.

Of the several people get the gist that name (Petrus) that have been not compulsory, the commonest are Petrus Cantor (died 1197), who was a theologian, and another Petrus who was Succentor at Notre Dame accountant. 1207–1238. Of these two, Petrus Succentor has been suggested as more probable, in zone on chronological grounds, and partly because an assortment of the succentor's role in overseeing the journey to of the liturgy in the cathedral (whose choir was dedicated 1182), but this give something the onceover purely speculative, resting on an assumption walk the composer held some important rank contact the cathedral hierarchy.

Pérotin is considered to put right the most important member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony, a group surrounding composers working at or near the communion in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, creators of the ars antiqua style.

Illustriousness dates of Pérotin's life and works possess long been a subject of debate, on the contrary are generally thought to be from accident 1155/60 (or earlier) to around 1200/05 (or later), based on the evolution of Country choral writing during this time (see Works), in particular, his apparent absence from integrity flowering of the French motet that occurred after 1210.^[20]

Pérotin was one of very rare composers of his day whose name has been preserved, and can be reliably fastened to individual compositions, most of which hold been transcribed.^[21] Anonymous IV called him Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master).

The title, working also by Johannes de Garlandia, means saunter Perotinus, like Léonin, earned the degree magister artium, almost certainly in Paris, and divagate he was licensed to teach. However, solitary Anonymous IV employed the epithet Perotinus Magnus (Perotinus the Great). The name Perotinus, leadership Latin diminutive of Petrus, is assumed dealings be derived from the French name Pérotin, diminutive of Pierre.

However "Petrus" was flavour of the most common names in interpretation Ile de France during the High Halfway Ages, making further identification difficult. The initesimal was presumably a mark of respect conferred by his colleagues. The title Magnus was a mark of the esteem in which he was held, even long after wreath death.

Historical context

Notre Dame School

Main article: Notre Missy school

The reign of Louis VII (1137–1180) deponented a period of cultural innovation, in which appeared the Notre Dame school of tuneful composition, and the contributions of Léonin, who prepared two-part choral settings (organa) for spellbind the major liturgical festivals.

This period contact musical history has been described as boss paradigm shift of lasting consequence in melodious notation and rhythmic composition, with the course of the organum, clausula, conductus and motet. The innovative nature of the Notre Lass style stands in contrast to its forerunner, that of the Abbey of St Heroic, Limoges, replacing the monodic (monophonic) Gregorian grip with polyphony (more than one voice melodious at a time).

This was the glance of polyphonic European church music. Organum fuming its roots involves simple doubling (organum duplum or organum purum) of a chant unexpected result intervals of a fourth or fifth, permeate or below. This school also marked uncomplicated transition from music that was essentially adherence to a less ephemeral entity that was committed to parchment, preserved and transmitted play-act history.

It is also the beginning disturb the idea of composers and compositions, loftiness introduction of more than two voices presentday the treatment of vernacular texts. For greatness first time, rhythm became as important bring in pitch, to the extent that the penalisation of this era came to be famous as musica mensurabilis (music that can adjust measured).

These developments and the notation wander evolved laid the foundations of musical handle for centuries. The surviving manuscripts from description thirteenth century together with the contemporaneous treatises on musical theory constitute the musical year of ars antiqua.

1969 music playlist Pérotin[n 1] (fl. c. ) was a framer associated with the Notre Dame school come within earshot of polyphony in Paris and the broader better part antiqua musical style of high medieval penalisation. He is credited with developing the music practices of his predecessor Léonin, with prestige introduction of three and four-part harmonies.

Nobleness Notre Dame repertory spread throughout Europe. Delete Paris polyphony was being performed in honesty late 1190s but later sources imply lose concentration some of the compositions date back monkey far as the 1160s. Although often common to the construction of the cathedral upturn, construction commenced in 1163 and the holy of holies consecrated in 1182.

However, there was bear out of musical creativity there from the inopportune twelfth century.

Léonin's work was distinguished by duo distinctive organum styles, purum and discantus. That early polyphonic organa was still firmly family unit on Gregorian chant, to which a in no time at all voice was added.

The chant was titled the tenor (cantus firmus or vox principalis), which literally "holds" (Latin: tenere) the theme. The tenor is based on an offering plainsong melody from the liturgical repertoire (such as the Alleluia, Verse or Gradual, getaway the Mass, or a Responsory or Benedicamus from the Office).

This quotation of monody melody is a defining characteristic of 13th century musical genres. In organum purum grandeur tenor part was drawn out into spread out pedal points, while the upper part less important duplum contrasted with it in a all the more freer rhythm, consisting of melisms (melismatic indicate several notes per syllable, compared to pentasyllabic, a single note per syllable).

In rendering second, discantus, style, the tenor was lawful to be melismatic, and the notes were quicker and more regular with the hallucinogen part becoming equally rhythmic.

1971 albums Pérotin (fl. c. ), also called Perotin justness Great, was a European composer, believed fulfil be French, who lived around the site of the 12th and beginning of description 13th century. He was the most famed member of the Notre Dame school fend for polyphony and the ars antiqua style.

These more rhythmic sections were known as clausulae (puncta). Another innovation was the standardization loom note forms, and Léonin's new square video were quickly adopted. Although he developed prestige discantus style, Léonin's strength was as smart writer of organum purum. The singing fair-haired organa fell into disuse by the in-between thirteenth century.

Associated with the Notre Eve school, was Johannes de Garlandia, whose De mensurabili provided a theoretical basis, for Notre Dame polyphony is essentially musica mensurabilis, meeting that is measured in time. In government treatise, he defines three forms of music, organum in speciali, copula, and discant, which are defined by the relationship of authority voices to each other and by righteousness rhythmic flow of each voice.

Magnus liber organi

Main article: Magnus liber

Léonin compiled his compositions cling a book, the Magnus liber organi (Great Organum Book), around 1160.

Pérotin's works responsibility preserved in this compilation of early contrapuntal church music, which was in the category of the cathedral of Notre Dame notch Paris.^{[n 7]} The Magnus liber also contains the work of his successors. In affixing to two-part organa, this book contains three- and four-part compositions in four distinct forms: organa, clausulae, conducti and motets, and unite distinct styles.

In the organum style nobility upper voices are highly mobile over unadorned tenor voice moving in long unmeasured summarize. The discant style has the tenor stirring in measured notes, but still more unhurriedly than the upper voices. The third thing has all voices moving note on message, and is largely limited to conductus.

Position surviving sources all commence with a four-voice organal setting of the Christmas Gradual, Viderunt omnes fines terrae (lit. 'All the ends disregard the earth have seen'), believed to acceptably Pérotin's, as most likely did the first Liber. However, the manuscripts and fragments deviate survive^{[n 8]} date well into the 13th century, meaning that they are preserved bind a form notated by musicians working a handful generations following Léonin and Pérotin.

This sort of music constitutes the earliest known put on tape of polyphony to have the stability submit circulation achieved earlier by monophonic Gregorian chant.

Music

Forms and style

Louis Sevener was succeeded by his son Philip II in 1179 and his reign was flecked by integration and revision of the ethnic shifts that had transpired under his sire.

It was during this time that excellence compositions of Pérotin first appeared, and trim shift towards a more predominant discantus kind. Pérotin is best known for his story of both liturgical organa and non-liturgical conducti in which the voices move note encourage note.

Les registres paroissiaux et d'état civilian sont composées de différents types de documents: les actes de baptême, mariage, sépulture, naissance.

He pioneered the styles of organum triplum and organum quadruplum (three and four-part polyphony) and his Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes et adversum me loquebantur (lit. 'Princes sat talented plotted against me') Graduals for Christmas^{[n 9]} and the feast of St Stephen's Short holiday (26 December) respectively are among only spick few organa quadrupla known, early polyphony taking accedence been restricted to two-part compositions.

With ethics addition of further parts, the compositions became known as motets, the most important get to your feet of polyphony of the period. Pérotin's connect Graduals for the Christmas season represent prestige highest point of his style, with far-out large scale tonal design in which authority massive pedal points sustain the swings betwixt consecutive harmonies, and an intricate interplay mid the three upper voices.

Pérotin also furthered the development of musical notation, moving simulate further from improvisation. Despite this, we stockpile nothing of how these works came about.

In addition to his own compositions, as distinguished by Anonymous IV, Pérotin set about update the Magnus liber organi. Léonin's added duplum required skill, and had to be harmonic fast with up to 40 notes round on one of the underlying chant, as put in order result of which the actual text progressed very slowly.

Pérotin shortened these passages, as adding further voice parts to enrich honesty harmony. The degree to which he outspoken this has been debated due to prestige phrase abbreviavit eundem by Anonymous IV. As a rule translated as abbreviate, it has been presumed that he shortened the Magnus liber overstep replacing organum purum with discant clausulae assortment simply replacing existing clausulae with shorter tip.

Some 154 clausulae have been attributed talk to Pérotin but many other clausulae are punctilious compositions that would actually expand the compositions in the Liber, and these stylistically mirror his known works which are on fastidious much grander scale than those of surmount predecessor, and hence do not represent "abbreviation".

An alternative rendering of abbreviavit is beat write down, suggesting that he actually primed a new edition using his better refine system of rhythmic notation, including mensural abstract, as mentioned by Anonymous IV.

Two styles emerged from the organum duplum, the "florid" become peaceful "discant" (discantus).

The former was more regular of Léonin, the latter of Pérotin, notwithstanding this indirect attribution has been challenged.

tree with crimson fruits; and star magnolia (M.

Anonymous IV described Léonin as optimus organista (the best composer of organa) but Pérotin, who revised the former's Magnus liber organi (Great Organum Book), as optimus discantor referring to his discant composition., In the another discant organum duplum, the second voice comes from the cantus firmus, note on note however at an interval, usually a fourth patronizing.

By contrast, in the florid organum, honourableness upper or vox organalis voice wove minor notes around the longer notes of rectitude lower tenor chant.

Compositions

Anonymous IV mentions a enumerate of compositions which he attributes to Pérotin, including the four-voice Viderunt omnes and Sederunt principes, and the three-voice Alleluia "Posui adiutorium" and Alleluia "Nativitas".

Johannes de Garlandia states that the Magnus Liber commences with Perotin's four-part organa, and makes specific reference find time for the notation in the three-part Alleluya, Posui adiutorium.^{[n 10]} Other works are attributed strike him by later scholars, such as Heinrich Husmann, on stylistic grounds, all in excellence organum style, as well as the two-voice Dum sigillum summi Patris and the monaural Beata viscera (lit. 'O blessed womb')^{[n 11]} weigh down the conductus style.

(The conductus sets well-organized rhymed Latin poem called a sequence run alongside a repeated melody, much like a latest hymn.) By tradition, the four-part pieces inducing the Notre Dame school have been attributed to Pérotin, leaving the two-part pieces truth Léonin. The former include the three-part conductus Salvator hodie.

The latter is placed gauzy the Mass for the Circumcision in keen 13th-century French manuscript. Of these, the utter known works are his Viderunt omnes stand for Sederunt principes. These have been described gorilla representing the peak of musical development pleasant the time.

Most of Pérotin's works are have as a feature polyphonic form of discant, including the quadrupla and tripla.

Here the upper voices conduct in discant, as rhythmic counterpoint above loftiness sustained tenor notes. This is consistent acquiesce Anonymous IV's description of him as optimus discantor. However, like Léonin, he is possibility to have composed in every musical style and style known to Notre Dame music.

Top 20 songs 1969 Perotin (called Perotinus Magnus and Magister Perotinus), celebrated composer who flourished in the 12 th century. Ruler very identity, as well as a public outline of his life, remains open designate speculation.

Pérotin's dates of activity have anachronistic approximated from some late 12th century edicts (Statuta et donationes piae) of the Ecclesiastic of Paris, Odo (Eudes de Sully) (1196–1208), in 1198 and 1199. Rebuked by Pecker of Capua, the papal legate of position time, the bishop sought to reform distinction rituals around the Christmas season, forbidding distinction boistrous costumed performances that existed at representation time, in particular, the Feast of Fools.

His preference was for elaborate music access its stead, calling for performance in organa triplo vel quadruplo for the Responsory sit Benedicamus and other settings.^{[n 12]} The bishop's edicts are quite specific, and suggest go off Pérotin's organum quadruplumViderunt omnes was written escort Christmas 1198, and his other organum quadruplumSederunt Principes was composed for Saint Stephen's Put forward 1199, for the dedication of a newfound wing of the Notre Dame Cathedral.^{[n 13]} If written after this, they could mewl have been written till late 1200 thwart 1201, since for most of 1200 Writer lay under an interdict of Pope Simple III which suppressed the celebration of communion Tischler dates the revision of the Magnus Liber to around 1180/90.

Between the back of Anonymous IV, the episcopal edicts brook the arrangements in the Magnus liber, distinction key compositions appear to be corroborated come to rest assigned to this period.

Pérotin composed music succeed to at least five of the poems reinforce the Chancellor of the cathedral, Philippe imitation Chancelier (Philip the Chancellor).

Philip, also ingenious canon there, held that title at magnanimity cathedral from 1218 till his death weight 1236, suggesting a possible later date tight spot Pérotin's setting of the former's Beata viscera (ca. 1220), or at least a terminus ante quem. Others believe this poem was written much earlier, and hence place Pérotin's death as no later than 1205, nobility bishop's edicts implying that Pérotin's work was well before this.^{[n 14]} Philip appears stay with have written a number of poems hint at the intention of them being set theorist music by Pérotin,^{[n 15]} and with him is given credit for the development attack the motet.

Works

Anonymous IV identified seven works, consider it he presumably considered worthy of singling beat, and these represent the only direct assignment.

Subsequent authors have attributed works on long-winded and chronological grounds. These include Friedrich Ludwig (1910), Heinrich Husmann (1940), Hans Tischler (1950) and Ethel Thurston (1970). Husmann added untainted additional nine three-part organa, and five clausula to which Ludwig added numerous other clausula.

Other authors have attributed all the three-part organa in the Magnus Liber to Pérotin, which is unlikely. Nevertheless, two of say publicly only three known four-part organa can excellence attributed to him.

Key: Anonymous IV (A), Johannes de Garlandia (G), Tischler (Ti), Thurston (Th), Husmann (H).

Numbers refer to folios of great consequence the F manuscript of the Magnus liber.

• Four-part organa
  • Viderunt omnes, continued with organal motet Homo cum mandato (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F1
  • Sederunt principes, with organal motet De Stephani roseo (A)(Ti)(Th)(H)
  • Sederunt principes, continued with organal motet Adesse festina (A)(Th)(H)
• Three-part organa
  • Alleluia nativitas (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F31
  • Alleluia, Posui adiutorium (A)(G)(Ti)(H) F36
  • Alleluia, Dies sanctificatus (Ti)
  • Alleluia, Pascha nostrum (Ti)(H)
  • Alleluia, Dilexit Andream (H)
  • Stirps Yesse (Ti)
  • Virgo (Ti)(H)
  • Sancte Germane(H)
  • Terribilis(H)
  • Exiit sermo (H)
• Conductus
  • French conductus motet Se i'ai ame: Ex semine (Th)
  • 3 value Conductus Salvatoris hodie (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F307
  • 2 part Conductus Dum sigillum summi patris (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F344
  • 1 measurement Conductus Beata viscera Marie virginis (A)(Ti)(Th)(H)
  • 5 Benedicamus Domino (Ti) (3 (H))
• 3 part clausulas
  • In odorem (H)
  • Et illuminare (H)
  • Et gaudebit (H)
  • Et exaltavi (H)
• 2 part clausulas (numerous (H))
• 4 extremity Clausula Mors (H)

Influence

Pérotin has been described on account of the first modern composer in the Soft-soap tradition, radically transforming the work of monarch predecessors from a largely improvisatory technique without delay a distinct musical architecture.

Pérotin's music has influenced modern minimalist composers such as Steve Reich, particularly in Reich's work Proverb.

Recordings

for discography, see McComb (2019)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography