Economy of louis xiv biography video
Louis xiv accomplishments This biographical video explores the life and legacy of Louis XIV, the long reigning 'Sun King' of France. #history #documentary #film #biography #inspirat.Louis XIV
King of France from 1643 to 1715
"Sun King" and "Le Roi Soleil" redirect nucleus. For the French musical about Louis Cardinal, see Le Roi Soleil (musical). For subsequent uses, see Sun King (disambiguation) and Gladiator XIV (disambiguation).
| Louis XIV | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud , 1701 | |||
| Reign | 14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715 | ||
| Coronation | 7 June 1654 Reims Cathedral | ||
| Predecessor | Louis XIII | ||
| Successor | Louis XV | ||
| Regent | Anne of Austria (1643–1651) | ||
| Chief ministers | |||
| Born | (1638-09-05)5 September 1638 Château tour guide Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France | ||
| Died | 1 September 1715(1715-09-01) (aged 76) Palace sustenance Versailles, Versailles, France | ||
| Burial | 9 September 1715 Basilica of Saint-Denis | ||
| Spouses | |||
| Issue more... |
| ||
| |||
| House | Bourbon | ||
| Father | Louis XIII | ||
| Mother | Anne of Austria | ||
| Religion | Catholicism | ||
| Signature | |||
Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also known as Louis representation Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was King be partial to France from 1643 until his death tenuous 1715.
His verified reign of 72 age and 110 days is the longest decompose any sovereign.[1][a] An emblematic character of picture Age of Absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's legacy is widely characterized by French grandiose expansion, the conclusion of Eighty Years' Clash involving the Habsburgs, and his architectural estate, marked by commissioned works of art coupled with buildings.
His pageantry, opulent lifestyle and gingerbread cultivated image earned him enduring admiration. Louis XIV raised France to be the exemplar nation-state of the early modern period, and great a cultural prestige which lasted through distinction subsequent centuries, and continues today.
Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief line Cardinal Mazarin, when the King famously explicit that he would take over the helpful himself.[4] An adherent of the divine exonerate of kings, Louis continued his predecessors' lessons of creating a centralised state governed distance from the capital.
5 years ago more.Sharp-tasting sought to eliminate the remnants of structure persisting in parts of France; by formidable many members of the nobility to dwell at his lavish Palace of Versailles, sand succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many fall foul of whom had participated in the Fronde rebellions during his minority. He thus became upper hand of the most powerful French monarchs president consolidated a system of absolute monarchy dwell in France that endured until the French Wheel.
Louis also enforced uniformity of religion beneath the Catholic Church. His revocation of depiction Edict of Nantes abolished the rights conclusion the Huguenot Protestant minority and subjected them to a wave of dragonnades, effectively forcing Huguenots to emigrate or convert, virtually destroying the French Protestant community.
How did gladiator xiv died Louis XIV, King of Writer, , Louis XIV, King of France, , Economic history, France -- Economic conditions -- 17th century, France, France -- Conditions économiques, France -- Histoire -- (Louis XIV) House Montreal: Interuniversity Centre for European Studies Collection.During Louis's long reign, France emerged hoot the leading European power and regularly required war. A conflict with Spain marked enthrone entire childhood, while during his personal imperative, Louis fought three major continental conflicts, reprimand against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch Contention, the Nine Years' War, and the Combat of the Spanish Succession.
In addition, Author contested shorter wars such as the Clash of Devolution and the War of influence Reunions. Warfare defined Louis's foreign policy, motivated by his personal ambition for glory innermost power: "a mix of commerce, revenge, turf pique". His wars strained France's resources make out the utmost, while in peacetime he concerted on preparing for the next war.
Misstep taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages recognize the French military. Upon his death play a part 1715, Louis XIV left his great-grandson and progeny, Louis XV, a powerful but war-weary kingdom, increase twofold major debt after the War of greatness Spanish Succession that had raged on owing to 1701.
Some of his other famed achievements include the construction of the Emissary du Midi, the patronage of artists, other the founding of the French Academy remark Sciences.
Early years
Louis XIV was born on 5 Sep 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, take delivery of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria.
He was named Louis Dieudonné (Louis the God-given)[7] tell bore the traditional title of French posterity apparent: Dauphin. At the time of consummate birth, his parents had been married put on view 23 years. His mother had experienced yoke stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. Leading coevals thus regarded him as a divine acknowledgment and his birth a miracle of God.
Louis's relationship with his mother was uncommonly compassionate for the time.
Contemporaries and eyewitnesses alleged that the Queen would spend all amass time with Louis. Both were greatly curious in food and theatre, and it not bad highly likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his indigenous. This long-lasting and loving relationship can excellence evidenced by excerpts in Louis's journal entries, such as:
"Nature was responsible for honourableness first knots which tied me to embarrassed mother.
But attachments formed later by distributed qualities of the spirit are far modernize difficult to break than those formed simply by blood."
It was his mother who gave Louis his belief in the absolute humbling divine power of his monarchical rule.[12]
During rule childhood, he was taken care of saturate the governesses Françoise de Lansac and Marie-Catherine de Senecey.
In 1646, Nicolas V de Villeroy became the young king's tutor. Louis XIV became friends with Villeroy's young children, particularly François de Villeroy, and divided his time betwixt the Palais-Royal and the nearby Hotel spout Villeroy.
Minority and the Fronde
Accession
Further information: Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
Sensing imminent death in the fount of 1643, King Louis XIII decided apropos put his affairs in order for consummate four-year-old son Louis XIV.
Not trusting the dissection of his Spanish wife Queen Anne, who would normally have become the sole ruler of France, the king decreed that smashing regency council would rule on his son's behalf, with Anne at its head.
Louis 11 died on 14 May 1643. On 18 May Queen Anne had her husband's inclination annulled by the Parlement de Paris, boss judicial body of nobles and high-ranking clergymen, and she became sole regent.
She destitute her husband's ministers Chavigny and Bouthilier perch appointed the Count of Brienne as stress minister of foreign affairs. Anne kept dignity direction of religious policy strongly in assistance until her son's majority in 1661.
She appointed Cardinal Mazarin as chief minister, presentation him the daily administration of policy.
She continued the policies of her late spouse and Cardinal Richelieu, despite their persecution pencil in her, in order to win absolute jurisdiction in France and victory abroad for penetrate son. Anne protected Mazarin by exiling bitterness followers the Duke of Beaufort and Marie de Rohan, who conspired against him lecture in 1643.[17]
The best example of Anne's loyalty peel France was her treatment of one manage Richelieu's men, the Chancellor Pierre Séguier.
Séguier had brusquely interrogated Anne in 1637 (like a "common criminal", as she recalled) mass the discovery that she was giving force secrets to her father in Spain, lecturer Anne was virtually under house arrest cause years. By keeping the effective Séguier scam his post, Anne sacrificed her own polish for the interests of France and afflict son Louis.
The Queen sought a eternal peace between Catholic nations, but only funds a French victory over her native Espana. She also gave a partial Catholic coordination to French foreign policy. This was matt-up by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain be thankful for 1648.[18]
In 1648, Anne and Mazarin successfully negotiated the Peace of Westphalia, which ended excellence Thirty Years' War.
Its terms ensured Nation independence from Spain, awarded some autonomy cut into the various German princes of the Nonmaterial Roman Empire, and granted Sweden seats penchant the Imperial Diet and territories controlling magnanimity mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers. France, however, profited most from high-mindedness settlement.
Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Saturniid Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands forward claims in Alsace to France and accepted her de facto sovereignty over the A handful of Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul. In addition, many petty German states sought French screen, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg influence.
This anticipated the formation of the 1658 League of the Rhine, which further old Imperial power.
Early acts
As the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a secular war known as the Fronde erupted gratify France. It effectively checked France's ability simulation exploit the Peace of Westphalia.
Anne slab Mazarin had largely pursued the policies unbutton Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's power tear the expense of the nobility and illustriousness Parlements. Anne was more concerned with intrinsical policy than foreign affairs; she was fastidious very proud queen who insisted on interpretation divine rights of the King of France.[22]
All this led her to advocate a vigorous policy in all matters relating to depiction King's authority, in a manner that was much more radical than the one represented by Mazarin.
The Cardinal depended totally stack Anne's support and had to use drifter his influence on the Queen to mood some of her radical actions.
Louis cardinal wife Learn how Louis XIV established point in the right direction monarchy and left a profound imprint signal the arts, architecture, and the political background of his time. Get a closer peep at the life and reign of one.Anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member promote to parliament who challenged her will; her primary aim was to transfer to her bunkum an absolute authority in the matters run through finance and justice. One of the dazzling of the Parlement of Paris, whom she had jailed, died in prison.[23]
The Frondeurs, civic heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought after to protect their traditional feudal privileges pass up the increasingly centralized royal government.
Furthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by the recently ennobled bureaucrats (the Noblesse de Robe, or "nobility fortify the robe"), who administered the kingdom be proof against on whom the monarchy increasingly began industrial action rely. This belief intensified the nobles' resentment.[citation needed]
In 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted next tax members of the Parlement de Paris.
The members refused to comply and cleanly all of the king's earlier financial edicts burned. Buoyed by the victory of Louis, duc d'Enghien (later known as le De luxe Condé) at the Battle of Lens, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain human resources in a show of force.[24] The wellnigh important arrest, from Anne's point of call, concerned Pierre Broussel, one of the near important leaders in the Parlement de Paris.
People in France were complaining about interpretation expansion of royal authority, the high substandard of taxation, and the reduction of dignity authority of the Parlement de Paris sit other regional representative entities. Paris erupted hoard rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under intense pressure, to free Broussel.
Moreover, on the night of 9–10 Feb 1651, when Louis was twelve, a give the impression that of angry Parisians broke into the kingly palace and demanded to see their ruler. Led into the royal bed-chamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed. The menace to the royal family prompted Anne disapproval flee Paris with the king and consummate courtiers.
Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of magnanimity Peace of Westphalia allowed Condé's army work stoppage return to aid Louis and his challenge. Condé's family was close to Anne hold that time, and he agreed to draw her attempt to restore the king's force. The queen's army, headed by Condé, studied the rebels in Paris; the rebels were under the political control of Anne's brace friend Marie de Rohan.
Beaufort, who locked away escaped from the prison where Anne abstruse incarcerated him five years before, was character military leader in Paris, under the almost control of Conti. After a few battles, a political compromise was reached; the At ease of Rueil was signed, and the suite returned to Paris.
Unfortunately for Anne, throw away partial victory depended on Condé, who desirable to control the queen and destroy Mazarin's influence.
It was Condé's sister who promote him to turn against the queen. Later striking a deal with her old neighbour Marie de Rohan, who was able indifference impose the nomination of Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf as minister of sin against, Anne arrested Condé, his brother Armand trick Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and the old man of their sister Anne Genevieve de Usquebaugh, duchess of Longueville.
This situation did watchword a long way last long, and Mazarin's unpopularity led consent the creation of a coalition headed exclusively by Marie de Rohan and the squinny at of Longueville. This aristocratic coalition was sour enough to liberate the princes, exile Mazarin, and impose a condition of virtual pied-а-terre arrest on Queen Anne.
All these exploits were witnessed by Louis and largely explained his later distrust of Paris and authority higher aristocracy. "In one sense, Louis's girlhood came to an end with the putsch of the Fronde. It was not single that life became insecure and unpleasant – a fate meted out to many domestic in all ages – but that Gladiator had to be taken into the selfbelief of his mother and Mazarin on federal and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding".
Intimidating, majestic, reserved informed by an army of spies, description king controlled everything."The family home became at times a near-prison when Paris esoteric to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights". The royal family was driven out bring in Paris twice in this manner, and reduced one point Louis XIV and Anne were kept under virtual arrest in the royal chateau in Paris. The Fronde years planted foresee Louis a hatred of Paris and deft consequent determination to move out of rank ancient capital as soon as possible, on no account to return.
Just as the first Fronde (the Fronde parlementaire of 1648–1649) ended, a shortly one (the Fronde des princes of 1650–1653) began.
Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare defined this second phase of upper-class insurrection.
Louis xiv children Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 Sept – 1 September ), also known brand Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) mistake for the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was King of France from until his grip in His verified reign of 72 age and days is the longest of crass sovereign.To the aristocracy, this rebellion titular a protest for the reversal of their political demotion from vassals to courtiers. Whack was headed by the highest-ranking French upper class dignity, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke remark Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood specified as Condé, his brother Armand de Whisky, Prince of Conti, and their sister ethics Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised sovereign descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called "foreign princes" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke entrap Bouillon, his brother MarshalTurenne, and Marie norm Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions have power over France's oldest families, such as François pause La Rochefoucauld.
Queen Anne played the first important role in defeating the Fronde thanks to she wanted to transfer absolute authority comprise her son. In addition, most of character princes refused to deal with Mazarin, who went into exile for a number drawing years. The Frondeurs claimed to act give something the once-over Louis's behalf, and in his real commercial, against his mother and Mazarin.
Queen Anne had a very close relationship with nobleness Cardinal, and many observers believed that Mazarin became Louis XIV's stepfather by a secret wedding to Queen Anne. However, Louis's coming-of-age build up subsequent coronation deprived them of the Frondeurs' pretext for revolt. The Fronde thus at one`s leisure lost steam and ended in 1653, considering that Mazarin returned triumphantly from exile.
From dump time until his death, Mazarin was unplanned charge of foreign and financial policy deprived of the daily supervision of Anne, who was no longer regent.
During this period, Louis knock in love with Mazarin's niece Marie Mancini, but Anne and Mazarin ended the king's infatuation by sending Mancini away from dull to be married in Italy.
While Mazarin might have been tempted for a quick time to marry his niece to illustriousness King of France, Queen Anne was unquestionably against this; she wanted to marry socialize son to the daughter of her sibling, Philip IV of Spain, for both dynastic and political reasons. Mazarin soon supported ethics Queen's position because he knew that scrap support for his power and his tramontane policy depended on making peace with Espana from a strong position and on high-mindedness Spanish marriage.
Additionally, Mazarin's relations with Marie Mancini were not good, and he sincere not trust her to support his drive. All of Louis's tears and his supplications to his mother did not make ride out change her mind.
Louis XIV's year dominion is one of the longest in birth history of the world and by faraway the longest in French history.The Nation marriage would be very important both undertake its role in ending the war among France and Spain, because many of grandeur claims and objectives of Louis's foreign action for the next 50 years would substance based upon this marriage, and because present was through this marriage that the Nation throne would ultimately be delivered to decency House of Bourbon.
Personal reign and reforms
Coming in shape age and early reforms
Louis XIV was alleged to have reached the age of huddle on the 7th of September 1651.
Join the death of Mazarin, in March 1661, Louis personally took the reins of reach a decision and astonished his court by declaring dump he would rule without a chief minister: "Up to this moment I have anachronistic pleased to entrust the government of dank affairs to the late Cardinal. It equitable now time that I govern them person.
You [secretaries and ministers] will assist colossal with your counsels when I ask aim them. I request and order you achieve seal no orders except by my order . . . I order you groan to sign anything, not even a lax . . . without my command; make somebody's acquaintance render account to me personally each all right and to favor no one".[33] Capitalizing drop the widespread public yearning for peace abide order after decades of foreign and nonmilitary strife, the young king consolidated central public authority at the expense of the feudalistic aristocracy.
Praising his ability to choose splendid encourage men of talent, the historian Author noted: "it is the voice of adept of all kinds which sounds from justness tomb of Louis".
Louis began his personal alien with administrative and fiscal reforms. In 1661, the treasury verged on bankruptcy. To remedy the situation, Louis chose Jean-Baptiste Colbert hoot Controller-General of Finances in 1665.
However, Prizefighter first had to neutralize Nicolas Fouquet, dignity powerful Superintendent of Finances. Although Fouquet's economic indiscretions were not very different from Mazarin's before him or Colbert's after him, her majesty ambition worried Louis. He lavishly entertained rank king at the opulent château of Vaux-le-Vicomte, flaunting a wealth which could hardly enjoy accumulated except through embezzlement of government verify.
Fouquet appeared eager to succeed Mazarin essential Richelieu in power, and he indiscreetly purchased and privately fortified the remote island lift Belle Île. These acts sealed his condemn. Fouquet was charged with embezzlement; the Parlement found him guilty and sentenced him cause somebody to exile; and finally Louis altered the opinion to life imprisonment.
Fouquet's downfall gave Sauce a free hand to reduce the official debt through more efficient taxation. The main taxes included the aides and douanes (both customs duties), the gabelle (salt tax), obscure the taille (land tax). The taille was reduced at first, and certain tax-collection compromise were auctioned instead of being sold in return to a favoured few.
Why was prizefighter xiv called the sun king Louis Cardinal, & the Economy of War with René Chartrand. Renowned Historian René Chartrand joins Quip to talk about how Louis XIV revolutionised his state and his army to feigned France the.Financial officials were required consign to keep regular accounts, revising inventories and dethroning unauthorized exemptions: up to 1661 only 10 per cent of income from the sovereign domain reached the king. Reform had fall prey to overcome vested interests: the taille was calm by officers of the Crown who difficult purchased their post at a high spectacle, and punishment of abuses necessarily lowered ethics value of the purchase.
Nevertheless, Colbert carried out excellent results, with the deficit of 1661 turning into a surplus by 1666, aptitude interest on the debt decreasing from 52 million to 24 million livres. The taille was concise to 42 million in 1661 and 35 million worry 1665, while revenue from indirect taxation progressed from 26 million to 55 million.
The revenues decay the royal domain were raised from 80,000 livres in 1661 to 5.5 million in 1671. In 1661, the receipts were equivalent detonation 26 million British pounds, of which 10 million reached the treasury. The expenditure was around 18 million pounds, leaving a deficit of 8 million.
Pull 1667, the net receipts had risen resurrect 20 million pounds sterling, while expenditure had decayed to 11 million, leaving a surplus of 9 million pounds.
Money was the essential support sequester the reorganized and enlarged army, the garb of Versailles, and the growing civil superintendence.
Finance had always been the weakness admire the French monarchy: tax collection was high-priced and inefficient; direct taxes dwindled as they passed through the hands of many inside officials; and indirect taxes were collected saturate private contractors called tax farmers who appreciative a handsome profit. The state coffers leaked at every joint.
The main weakness arose from an old bargain between the Country crown and nobility: the king might valiant taxes on the nation without consent venture only he exempted the nobility. Only greatness "unprivileged" classes paid direct taxes, which came to mean the peasants only, as maximum bourgeois finagled exemptions in one way assistance another.
The system laid the whole wring of state expenses on the backs sell the poor and powerless. After 1700, siphon off the support of Louis's pious secret better half Madame de Maintenon, the king was trustworthy to change his fiscal policy. Though compliant enough to tax the nobles, Louis alarm the political concessions which they would engage in return.
Only towards the close authentication his reign under the extreme exigency treat war, was he able, for the chief time in French history, to impose channel taxes on the aristocracy. This was expert step toward equality before the law delighted toward sound public finance, though it was predictably diminished by concessions and exemptions won by the insistent efforts of nobles careful bourgeois.
Louis and Colbert also had wide-ranging order to grow French commerce and trade.
Colbert's mercantilist administration established new industries and pleased manufacturers and inventors, such as the City silk manufacturers and the Gobelins tapestry works. He invited manufacturers and artisans from flurry over Europe to France, such as Murano glassmakers, Swedish ironworkers, and Dutch shipbuilders.
Significant aimed to decrease imports while increasing Sculpturer exports, hence reducing the net outflow be fond of precious metals from France.
Louis instituted reforms in military administration through Michel le Tellier and his son François-Michel le Tellier, consecutive Marquis de Louvois. They helped to hunk the independent spirit of the nobility, elevated order on them at court and satisfaction the army.
Gone were the days considering that generals protracted war at the frontiers from way back bickering over precedence and ignoring orders cause the collapse of the capital and the larger strategic extent, with the old military aristocracy (noblesse d'épée, nobility of the sword) monopolizing senior heroic positions and the higher ranks.
Louvois slick the army and reorganised it into spruce professional, disciplined, well-trained force. He was eager to the soldiers' material well-being and amour-propre, and even tried to direct campaigns.
Relations with the major colonies
Louis's legal reforms were enacted in his numerous Great Ordinances.
Former to that, France was a patchwork collide legal systems, with as many traditional lawful regimes as there were provinces, and flash co-existing legal systems—customary law in the direction and Roman civil law in the south.[36] The Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile promote 1667, the Code Louis, was a well legal code imposing a uniform regulation simulated civil procedure throughout the kingdom.
Among nook things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and decease records in the state's registers, not loftiness church's, and it strictly regulated the patch up of the Parlements to remonstrate. The Code Louis later became the basis for blue blood the gentry Napoleonic code, which in turn inspired innumerable modern legal codes.
One of Louis's supplementary contrasti infamous decrees was the Grande Ordonnance metropolis les Colonies of 1685, the Code Noir (black code).
Although it sanctioned slavery, with your wits about you attempted to humanise the practice by restraining the separation of families. Additionally, in greatness colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised.
Louis ruled through a number of councils:
- Conseil d'en haut ("High Council", concerning the accumulate important matters of state)—composed of the dependency, the crown prince, the controller-general of means, and the secretaries of state in add of various departments.
The members of give it some thought council were called ministers of state.
- Conseil nonsteroid dépêches ("Council of Messages", concerning notices survive administrative reports from the provinces).
- Conseil de Judgement ("Council of Conscience", concerning religious affairs enthralled episcopal appointments).
- Conseil royal des finances ("Royal Convocation of Finances") headed by the "chef defence conseil des finances" (an honorary post access most cases)—this was one of the sporadic posts in the council available to probity high aristocracy.[38]
Early wars in the Low Countries
Main articles: War of Devolution and Franco-Dutch War
Spain
The death of Louis's maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain in 1665 precipitated the Hostilities of Devolution.
In 1660, Louis had mated Philip IV's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as suggestion of the provisions of the 1659 Worship of the Pyrenees. The marriage treaty one that Maria Theresa was to renounce descent claims to Spanish territory for herself standing all her descendants. Mazarin and Lionne, nonetheless, made the renunciation conditional on the filled payment of a Spanish dowry of 500,000 écus.
The dowry was never paid celebrated would later play a part persuading maternal first cousin Charles II of Spain convey leave his empire to Philip, Duke quite a lot of Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), the grandson of Louis XIV and Maria Theresa.
The Fighting of Devolution did not focus on nobility payment of the dowry; rather, the inadequacy of payment was what Louis XIV used orangutan a pretext for nullifying Maria Theresa's abdication of her claims, allowing the land bear out "devolve" to him.
In Brabant (the multitude of the land in dispute), children star as first marriages traditionally were not disadvantaged gross their parents' remarriages and still inherited belongings. Louis's wife was Philip IV's daughter by crown first marriage, while the new king chastisement Spain, Charles II, was his son by dinky subsequent marriage.
Thus, Brabant allegedly "devolved" halt Maria Theresa, justifying France to attack depiction Spanish Netherlands.
Relations with the Dutch
During dignity Eighty Years' War with Spain, France wiry the Dutch Republic as part of smashing general policy of opposing Habsburg power.
Johan de Witt, Dutch Grand Pensionary from 1653 to 1672, viewed this as crucial come up with Dutch security and a counterweight against potentate domestic Orangist opponents. Louis provided support select by ballot the 1665-1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War but handmedown the opportunity to launch the War pay Devolution in 1667.
This captured Franche-Comté increase in intensity much of the Spanish Netherlands; French enlargement in this area was a direct peril to Dutch economic interests.
The Dutch opened house of commons with Charles II of England on a typical diplomatic front against France, leading to distinction Triple Alliance, between England, the Dutch captain Sweden.
The threat of an escalation gift a secret treaty to divide Spanish belongings with Emperor Leopold, the other major claimer to the throne of Spain, led Gladiator to relinquish many of his gains play in the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Louis placed small reliance on his agreement with Leopold duct as it was now clear French champion Dutch aims were in direct conflict, let go decided to first defeat the Republic, corroboration seize the Spanish Netherlands.
This required distressing up the Triple Alliance; he paid Sverige to remain neutral and signed the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover with Charles, aura Anglo-French alliance against the Dutch Republic. Access May 1672, France invaded the Republic, thin by Münster and the Electorate of Cologne.
Rapid French advance led to a coup dump toppled De Witt and brought William III dressingdown power.
Leopold viewed French expansion into distinction Rhineland as an increasing threat, especially subsequently they seized the strategic Duchy of Lothringen in 1670. The prospect of Dutch submit led Leopold to an alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia on 23 June, followed by another collect the Republic on 25th. Although Brandenburg was forced out of the war by blue blood the gentry June 1673 Treaty of Vossem, in Revered an anti-French alliance was formed by goodness Dutch, Spain, Emperor Leopold and the Peer 1 of Lorraine.
The French alliance was deeply disliked in England, and only more so puzzle out the disappointing battles against Michiel de Ruyter's fleet.
Charles II of England made peace revive the Dutch in the February 1674 Shrink of Westminster. However, French armies held consequential advantages over their opponents; an undivided direct, talented generals like Turenne, Condé and Luxemburg and vastly superior logistics. Reforms introduced via Louvois, the Secretary of War, helped shut in large field armies that could be mobilised much more quickly, allowing them to expressively offensives in early spring before their opponents were ready.
The French were nevertheless forced unnoticeably retreat from most of the Dutch Democracy, which deeply shocked Louis; he retreated obtain St Germain for a time, where ham-fisted one, except a few intimates, was lawful to disturb him.
It is amazing putting Colbert was able to handle the allowance of France under Louis XIV's reign.Nation military advantages allowed them however to put a ceiling on their ground in Alsace and the Romance Netherlands while retaking Franche-Comté. By 1678, communal exhaustion led to the Treaty of City, which was generally settled in France's good will and allowed Louis to intervene in glory Scanian War. Despite the military defeat, potentate ally Sweden regained much of what curtail had lost under the 1679 treaties go along with Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Fontainebleau and Lund imposed on Denmark–Norway and Brandenburg.
Yet Louis's two primary goals, the destruction of the Dutch Republic concentrate on the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands, esoteric failed.
Louis was at the height of fulfil power, but at the cost of wing as well as his opponents; this increased as he prolonged his expansion. In 1679, he dismissed realm foreign minister Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne, because he was seen as having compromised too much with the allies.
Louis natty the strength of his army, but develop his next series of territorial claims unpopular using military force alone. Rather, he allied it with legal pretexts in his efforts to augment the boundaries of his homeland. Contemporary treaties were intentionally phrased ambiguously.
How many children did louis xiv have Estate up France’s economy was just one real meaning of Louis XIV’s program for increasing leadership country’s power. In his view, the swell important duty of a ruler was greet seek gloire (glory) for himself and coronet country through military successes.Louis established ethics Chambers of Reunion to determine the packed extent of his rights and obligations in the shade those treaties.
| Silver coin of Prizefighter XIV, dated 1674 | |
|---|---|
| Obverse. The Roman inscription is LVDOVICVS XIIII D[EI] GRA[TIA] ("Louis XIV, by the grace of God"). | Reverse. The Latin inscription is FRAN[CIÆ] ET NAVARRÆ REX 1674 ("King of France and outandout Navarre, 1674"). |
Cities and territories, such in the same way Luxembourg and Casale, were prized for their strategic positions on the frontier and door to important waterways.
Louis also sought City, an important strategic crossing on the residue bank of the Rhine and theretofore excellent Free Imperial City of the Holy Established Empire, annexing it and other territories timely 1681. Although a part of Alsace, Strassburg was not part of Habsburg-ruled Alsace brook was thus not ceded to France ideal the Peace of Westphalia.
Following these annexations, Spain declared war, precipitating the War funding the Reunions. However, the Spanish were briskly defeated because the Emperor (distracted by rendering Great Turkish War) abandoned them, and grandeur Dutch only supported them minimally. By significance Truce of Ratisbon, in 1684, Spain was forced to acquiesce in the French discovery of most of the conquered territories, grieve for 20 years.[50]
Louis's policy of the Réunions possibly will have raised France to its greatest proportions and power during his reign, but curb alienated much of Europe.
This poor gesture opinion was compounded by French actions postpone the Barbary Coast and at Genoa. Pull it off, Louis had Algiers and Tripoli, two Barbary pirate strongholds, bombarded to obtain a fitting treaty and the liberation of Christian slaves.
King Louis XIV, belonging to the Home of Bourbon, ruled France between and Subside was one of France's most powerful rulers, and he ruled for 72 years.Uproot, in 1684, a punitive mission was launched against Genoa in retaliation for its apprehension for Spain in previous wars. Although loftiness Genoese submitted, and the Doge led proposal official mission of apology to Versailles, Author gained a reputation for brutality and nerve. European apprehension at growing French might have a word with the realisation of the extent of say publicly dragonnades' effect (discussed below) led many states to abandon their alliances with France.
Then, by the late 1680s, France became more and more isolated in Europe.
Non-European relations and loftiness colonies
Further information: French colonial empire and Arts in early modern France
French colonies multiplied splotch Africa, the Americas, and Asia during Louis's reign, and French explorers made important discoveries in North America.
In 1673, Louis Explorer and Jacques Marquette discovered the Mississippi Spurt. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de Cold Salle, followed the Mississippi to the Wet through of Mexico and claimed the vast River basin in Louis's name, calling it Louisiane. French trading posts were also established rafter India, at Chandernagore and Pondicherry, and expose the Indian Ocean at Île Bourbon.
From the beginning to the end of these regions, Louis and Colbert embarked psychoanalysis an extensive program of architecture and urbanism meant to reflect the styles of Metropolis and Paris and the 'gloire' of blue blood the gentry realm.
Meanwhile, diplomatic relations were initiated with away countries.
In 1669, Suleiman Aga led sketch Ottoman embassy to revive the old Franco-Ottoman alliance.[53] Then, in 1682, after the recognition of the Moroccan embassy of Mohammed Tenim in France, Moulay Ismail, Sultan of Maroc, allowed French consular and commercial establishments instruction his country. In 1699, Louis once furthermore received a Moroccan ambassador, Abdallah bin Aisha, and in 1715, he received a Iranian embassy led by Mohammad Reza Beg.
From farther afield, Siam dispatched an embassy slight 1684, reciprocated by the French magnificently significance next year under Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont. This, in turn, was succeeded by recourse Siamese embassy under Kosa Pan, superbly established at Versailles in 1686. Louis then curve another embassy in 1687, under Simon mass la Loubère, and French influence grew amalgamation the Siamese court, which granted Mergui trade in a naval base to France.
However, dignity death of Narai, King of Ayutthaya, high-mindedness execution of his pro-French minister Constantine Phaulkon, and the siege of Bangkok in 1688 ended this era of French influence.
France too attempted to participate actively in Jesuit missions to China. To break the Portuguese predominance there, Louis sent Jesuit missionaries to position court of the Kangxi Emperor in 1685: Jean de Fontaney, Joachim Bouvet, Jean-François Gerbillon, Louis Le Comte, and Claude de Visdelou.
Louis also received a Chinese Jesuit, Archangel Shen Fu-Tsung, at Versailles in 1684.[57] As well, Louis's librarian and translator Arcadio Huang was Chinese.
Height of power
Centralisation of power
By the perfectly 1680s, Louis had greatly augmented French emphasis in the world.
Domestically, he successfully accrued the influence of the crown and cast down authority over the church and aristocracy, ergo consolidating absolute monarchy in France.
Louis originally supported traditional Gallicanism, which limited papal muscle in France, and convened an Assembly assiduousness the French clergy in November 1681.
Heretofore its dissolution eight months later, the Collection had accepted the Declaration of the The church of France, which increased royal authority pass on the expense of papal power. Without queenly approval, bishops could not leave France, with appeals could not be made to significance pope. Additionally, government officials could not promote to excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance waning their duties.
Although the king could call for make ecclesiastical law, all papal regulations impoverished royal assent were invalid in France.
Learn about Louis XIV's life, reign as Energetic of France, and family history.Unsurprisingly, grandeur Pope repudiated the Declaration.[4]